Isotherm and kinetic models of SO2 adsorption on palm kernel shell-activated carbon and xerogel blends: Effect of flow rate and contact time

Journal Results in Engineering

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.103970

Issue 103970

Volume 25

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is released into the atmosphere when coal-fired power plants run, which may substantially impair the environment. SO2 in flue gas causes respiratory difficulties and acid rain, and as energy consumption rises, the amount of SO2 emitted into the environment also rises. SO₂ can effectively be removed from gases or air streams through adsorption, where it is captured and retained onto a solid surface, such as activated carbon. This research focuses on developing and evaluating a composite adsorbent made from palm kernel shell-activated carbon and xerogel (PKSACX) for the adsorption of sulphur dioxide (SO₂). The main objectives are to study the modelling of adsorption isotherm (Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Adam-Bohart models) and to determine the adsorption kinetics (pseudo-first and pseudo-second order) of the performance of SO2 adsorption on a blended series of palm kernel shell-activated carbon and xerogel. Based on the result obtained, the adsorption process mathematically described by the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson Model is the best model for SO2 removal compared to the Adam-Bohart model. Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order kinetic models were utilized. The correlation coefficient (R2) was used to assess the equation's suitability. The PKSACXB adsorption processes suit both the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order equations. This indicates that throughout the adsorption process, both physisorption and chemisorption occur.

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Optimization for the Effects of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel Weight and Temperature on the Hydrogen Sulphide Adsorption Using Response Surface Methodology.

Journal International Journal on Energy Conversion

publisher Elsevier

DOI 10.15866/irecon.v12i4.25011

Issue 4

Volume 12

One of Malaysia's major sources of biomass is the palm oil industry (POME). Due to its high disposal rate, the vast amount of biomass production has become known. As a result, many researchers have looked into the possibility of turning biomass into something useful like biochar. The biochar that was synthesized was used to absorb sour gases such as Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulphide. In this study, the main gas that was aimed to be absorbed is the Hydrogen Sulphide. Coconut kernel shell was used as the source of biochar in this study. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is commonly known as a harmful substance to the environment and is considered one of the contributors to the high air pollution rate in various parts of the world. In this study, two main objectives are to optimize the Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel by using the Response Surface Methodology and to develop a Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel based on the optimized data from the Response Surface Methodology. There are much software usedfor applying Response Surface Methodology such as MINITAB and STA TITISCA but for this study, the software that was chosen was Design Expert. Results show that the higher the adsorbent weight, the higher the removal efficiency at a medium temperature. In conclusion, 11.68 grams of adsorbent weight and 40 °C is the optimum condition for the adsorption process to occur for both 25 ppm and 50 ppm of H2S.

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Shear Strengthening of Recycled Lightweight Coarse Aggregate Concrete Beams Using NSM Technique

Journal Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering

publisher not indexed

DOI https://doi.org/10.58496/MJCE/2024/013

Volume 2024

The NSM technique began to apply as a modern technique to treat defects in structural elements and to increase the shear and flexural strength of structural elements. For this technique to be effective, a series of practical experiments were conducted to characterize the behavior of the element strengthened by the NSM technique for flexure and shear. Shear strengthening with GFRP rods is the focus of this paper for concrete beams that contain 30% coarse aggregate replacement ratio of bonza (volumetric ratio) obtained from the rubble of demolished buildings. A total of 7 beams were loaded under four-point load test, the parameters examined were the angle of inclination and the distance between the GFRP bars, the presence and absence of stirrups and the bonza aggregate replacement ratio. The characterization of the tested beams includes failure mode, load-deflection curves, load-strain curves of stirrups, rebars and GFRP rods and the surface concrete strain in the shear zone of beam. The results showed that the use of GFRP rods used to strengthen concrete beams was relatively effective, especially in the presence of stirrups, where the gain in shear strength was 8.8% and 4.1% when the distance between the vertical GFRP bars was (200 and 300) mm, respectively, with the presence of stirrups. While the gain in shear strength was (5.9%) when the GFRP bars were inclined at 45o with presence of stirrups. The deflection of strengthened beams was greater than the deflection of unstrengthened beam, where the maximum deflection of strengthened beams reaches 29.6mm at 177kN, while the maximum deflection of unstrengthned beam was 18.9mm at 185kN.

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Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Optimization of Hydrogen Sulphide Adsorption Using Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel: Effect of Adsorption Pressure and Hydrogen Sulphide Flowrate

Journal Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.18280/acsm.480408

Issue 4

Volume 48

To improve the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by using coconut shell-activated carbon xerogel (CSACX), we adopted the response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). This material was created by incorporating a cross linker agent, initiator agent, and polymer. The process of creating CSACX involved synthesizing coconut shell activated carbon into a wet gel using chemicals such as sodium alginate, calcium carbonate, glucono delta-lactone (GDL), and distilled water in a sol-gel method to obtain a xerogel. Afterward, the gel was dried in an oven at 60℃ for 24 hours. Subsequently, it was used as an adsorbent for the adsorption test. The adsorption test was conducted at two different initial concentrations of H2S, 25 ppm, and 50 ppm, to assess the effectiveness of H2S removal at different concentrations. In the RSM approach, we selected adsorption pressure (1-3 bar) and H2S flow rate (100-300 L/hr) as the process variables while maintaining a constant contact time (5 minutes), adsorbent weight (11 g) and temperature (30℃). The removal efficiency of H2S (%) was chosen as the response. Our findings showed that the optimum conditions for H2S removal were at 1 bar and 100 L/hr for 25 ppm of H2S and 1 bar and 100.3830 L/hr for 50 ppm of H2S. The model generated from RSM predicted that maximum H2S removal can be achieved at a lower pressure and flow rate for any H2S initial concentration.

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Analyzing and Comparing Global Sustainability Standards: LEED, BREEAM, and PBRS in Green Building arch article topic

Journal Babylonian Journal of Internet of Things

publisher not indexed

DOI https://doi.org/10.58496/BJIoT/2024/009

Volume 2024

Since the year 2000, a heightened environmental awareness has led to the emergence of global trends in forefront countries, prompting the need for standardized practices in the environmental building industry. This paper explores various experiments on buildings, demonstrating trends through examinations and tests conducted by governmental or private organizations. Notable among these trends are the standards set by global evaluation systems such as BREEAM, LEED, PBRS, and SSBS. The paper highlights the recent adoptaion of Arab standards in Abu Dhabi, positioning the emirate as a pioneer in sustainable development. The research focuses on the city of Kirkuk, where building regulations lack consideration for environmental standards. The study aims to identify applicable international standards, emphasizing the importance of residential standards in comparison to other criteria. The World Green Building Council's universal standards for existing buildings are discussed, with the recognition that these standards may need customization to align with the local environment and architectural characteristics of Kirkuk. The paper delves into the methodology used, employing a theoretical framework, analytical methodology, and a deductive approach to formulate recommendations tailored to meet local standards. The Abu Dhabi experience with the Pearl Rating System is explored, outlining its three evaluation stages and the specific criteria for building assessment. A comparison between sustainability standards reveals disparities in evaluation criteria, emphasizing the challenge in establishing global standards. The study calls for a transparent and globally applicable evaluation basis, considering discrepancies among diverse countries and their respective tools. The paper concludes by underlining the importance of establishing local standards, serving as a benchmark for quality and operational efficiency within the real estate market. It also emphasizes the crucial role of existing residential buildings in proposed solutions for sustainable development, highlighting their significance in local markets.

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Synthesis and characterization of xerogel derived from palm kernel shell biochar and comparison with commercial activated carbon

Journal Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/183719

Issue 6

Volume 25

Biomass is an inexpensive adsorbent that has attracted considerable interest. The sol-gel process produced xerogel from palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB). This study aimed to synthesize and characterize palm kernel shell biochar xerogel (PKSBX) and compare it with commercial (AC). The synthesized xerogel, raw material, and AC were characterized using different characterization, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The FTIR spectrum analysis showed a wide range of bonds and confirmed the presence of C = C alkenes, amines N-H, and aromatic C-H functional groups. TGA analysis of samples was conducted at 10 ℃/min. The thermal degradation of the sample undergoes several setups of loss mass. The degrades occurred between 50200 ℃ first setups, second between 200–700 ℃, and third setups between 950–1000 ℃. The surface morphological structure of each sample has been defined and compared using SEM data, which is further confirmed by XRD data. On the basis of on the characterization findings, it can be determined that the xerogel obtained from the synthesis process using PKSB as the raw material exhibits favorable characteristics for its potential usage as an adsorbent.

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Characterizing Biochar Derived from Palm Kernel Shell Biomass via Slow Pyrolysis for Adsorption Applications

Journal NTU Journal of renewable energy

publisher not indexed

DOI https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v6i1.729

Issue 1

Volume 6

This comprehensive study delves into the thorough characterization of biochar derived from palm kernel shells, with a focus on its potential as an environmentally friendly solution to tackle waste management challenges within Malaysia's agro-industry. Employing the (BET) method, the current investigation unveils an impressive specific surface area of 299.7565 m²/g, complemented by a pore size of 2.17783 nm and a substantial pore volume of 0.1632 cm³/g, attesting to its extraordinary adsorption capacity. Assessment of thermal stability through (FESEM) imaging underscores its resilience, FTIR spectroscopy unravels distinct peaks within the stretching region. XRD analysis introduces a characteristic pattern for palm kernel shell-derived biochar (PKSBC), marked by a prominent, broad peak observed at approximately 2? = 20-30º and 2? = 40-50º, indicative of crystalline and semi-crystalline phases, respectively. Elemental analysis assumes a pivotal role in assessing biochar quality, with a particular emphasis on carbon content, instrumental in identifying potential impurities or contaminants that could compromise its effectiveness in critical applications, including water treatment, air purification, and gas adsorption. This study not only underscores the substantial promise of palm kernel shell-derived biochar in addressing environmental challenges but also provides invaluable insights into its exceptional properties. These findings have the potential to redefine sustainable practices and drive environmental stewardship, offering innovative solutions to the pressing issues of our time.

Equilibrium and kinetic studies in adsorption of H2S using coconut shell activated carbon xerogel: Effect of mass adsorbent and temperature

Journal Desalination and Water Treatment

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100149

Issue 100149

Volume 317

The presence of acid gases like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in natural gas, refinery gas, and coal gas necessitates their removal from the gas stream to prevent corrosion of pipelines and production equipment and to ensure safety due to the toxic nature of H2S. A study was conducted to synthesize an adsorbent that is made from coconut shell which is modified to form coconut shell-activated carbon xerogel (CSACX). The main objective is to determine the kinetic models’ equation and adsorption isotherms that are most suitable for the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide by using CSACX. Two parameters were studied which were the adsorbent mass and the gas temperature. The adsorption process could be mathematically represented using the Thomas Model, Yoon-Nelson Model, and Adam-Bohart. It is expected that the adsorption process is mathematically represented using the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson Model for both the effect of mass of adsorbent and effect of gas temperature. The kinetic models used were Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order. Suitability of equation was determined by correlation coefficient (R2). The higher the R2, the more suitable the equation is to process. It is expected that the adsorption processes using the CSACX fit both pseudo-first and pseudo-second order equation. This means that both physisorption and chemisorption occur during the adsorption process.

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Green Building Techniques: Under The Umbrella of the Climate Framework Agreement

Journal Babylonian Journal of Machine Learning

publisher not indexed

DOI https://doi.org/10.58496/BJML/2024/001

Volume 2024

Various green building rating systems have been devised to assess the sustainability levels of buildings, offering a standardized approach to evaluate their environmental impact. However, adapting these existing methods to diverse regions requires addressing additional considerations, such as distinct climatic conditions and regional variations. This study delves into a comprehensive exploration of widely utilized environmental building assessment methodologies, including BREEAM, LEED, SB-Tool, CASBEE, GRIHA, and Eco-housing. A new building environmental assessment scheme tailored to the global landscape is needed due to limitations of existing assessment schemes. A framework based on principal component analysis is introduced to develop this new scheme. PCA applied to a dataset of many responses on building sustainability revealed nine key components, including site selection, environmental impact, building resources and re-use, building services and management, innovative construction techniques, environmental health and safety, mechanical systems, indoor air quality, and economic considerations. A framework for sustainable building development in world is proposed. The study provides insights for designers and developers in developing countries, offering a roadmap for achieving green development. The framework prioritizes key components for a nuanced evaluation of sustainability in building projects, contributing to the global discourse on environmentally responsible construction practices.

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Impact of Using Different Renewable Energy Sources on Mitigation of CO2 Emissions and Treatment of Climate Change in Iraq: a Short Review

Journal International Journal on Energy Conversion

publisher Praise Worthy Prize

DOI https://doi.org/10.15866/ireme.v17i11.23860

Issue 11

Volume 17

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Production of first and second-generation biodiesel for diesel engine operation: A review

publisher not indexed

DOI https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v5i1.512

Issue 1

Volume 5

Researchers are looking at alternative cleaner technologies to fulfill the rising need for greener fuels. For this reason, alternatives like bioethanol and biodiesel have become commercially available. Renewable fuels are classified as either "first generation," "second generation," or "third generation" depending on the feedstock used in their manufacture. Over the past decade, society's reliance on first-generation biofuel feedstocks has created an inbuilt rivalry between food and fuel. Second-generation biofuel feed-stocks, such as non-edible agricultural waste products, energy crops, and crop residues, have been illuminated by emerging technical prospects. Technologies for producing biofuels have been proposed and developed in multiple stages, with first-generation technologies being the most developed. In several nations, including the United States, corn grain is used as feedstock in bio-refineries. There is a risk that food and fuel prices will rise as a result of the usage of edible materials in crops like corn. Second-generation biofuel manufacturing technology that utilizes crop residues has been developed to deal with this kind of problem. This study investigates and evaluates the economic viability and environmental sustainability of the proposed solution for the production of second-generation biodiesel.

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Factors Affecting on Process of Synthesizing Biodiesel and Arranging Production Steps: a Review Study

Journal International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IROME)

publisher Praise Worthy Prize

DOI https://doi.org/10.15866/ireme.v17i1.22675

Issue 1

Volume 17

Biodiesel is a recycled and biological fatty acid ester manufactured from animal fat, used cooking oil, botanical oil, and algae. Biodiesel is a viable replacement and more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for diesel oil since it is made from renewable resources and has qualities similar to diesel oil. When producing biodiesel from renewable resources, the trans-esterification method is utilized. This method manufactures fatty acid alkyl ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol, which is accomplished by replacing the organic group (alkyl) of alcohol with the organic group of the primary triglyceride component of the raw materials. When the biodiesel specifications meet the global standard established by the European Union's EN14214 or the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) for alternative fuels, it can be used in its purest form, known as B100 or blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration. B100 is the purest form of biodiesel. The temperature of the reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol used, type of catalyst utilized and the concentration of the catalyst are all parameters that must be considered during the biodiesel synthesis process. Moreover, the amount of time that the reaction is allowed to continue, the existence of humidity, and the amount of free fatty acids also significantly influence the production process. To minimize the costs of producing biodiesel, selecting the most effective methods is essential.

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The Renewable, Sustainable, and Clean Energy in Iraq Between Reality and Ambition According to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change

Journal Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

publisher not indexed

DOI DOI: https://doi.org/10.58496/MJBD/2022/005

Volume 2022

For quite some time now, Iraq has witnessed a great shortage, not only in the production of electric power, but even in the distribution system. In addition to this shortage, which exacerbates the problem is the large increase in the population of Iraq, inaddition to the great problems that the country has experienced, especially the fierce confrontation with ISIS terrorist gangs, which drained a lot of Iraq’s human and material energies and negatively affected the energy reality in our country, not to mention the All or most of our electric power plants run on heavy fossil fuels and have old technology tracks. Iraq has power shortages, and there are various obstacles that must be solved in order to keep up with projected demand. Based on the results of this study, it appears that solar, wind, and biomass energy are underutilized at now but have the potential to significantly contribute to Iraq's renewable energy future. Wind power offshore in the Gulf (near Basrah in southern Iraq) also has untapped potential that has to be explored. There has been talk about the Iraqi government's efforts to harness green energy. The purpose of this article is to examine and debate the present and future of renewable energy in Iraq. Renewable energy applications such as solar, wind, and biomass have been discussed. Finally, suggestions for making use of various energy sources are provided.1.INTRODUCTIONGlobal demand for energy, particularly electrical energy, is increasing. Not only are oil prices rising, but pollution from the use of fossil fuels is also rising, and the possibility of oil supply depletion remains. All of these issues encourage researchers to look into using solar, wind, and other renewable energies to generate electricity [1]–[5]. Iraq is a member of OPEC and covers over 430,000 km2, though the exact figure depends on whether land and water areas are included. Iraq's Gulf coast is 58 km [6]. The following is a brief summary of the four main geographical zones that have been identified:1.The desert plateau accounts for roughly 40% of Iraqi territory. West and southwest of the Euphrates River, a broad, stony plain with scattered sand stretches. From the border to the Euphrates River, a network of seasonal watercourses (or Wadis) runs.2.About 20 percent of Iraq's landmass is comprised of the highlands in the northeast. This region, which reaches as far south as the border between Mosul and Kirkuk and continues on toward the Iraqi borders with Turkey and Iran, is home to mountain ranges that can reach an altitude of up to 3,600 meters.3.Upland region comprises about 10 percent of Iraq's total land area. A region that is a transition zone between the highlands and the desert plateau. It is situated between the Tigris River, which is located north of Samarra, and the Euphrates River, which is located north of Hit and is a part of a larger natural area that extends into Syria and Turkey.4.The alluvial plain covers approximately 30% of Iraq's land area. The combined deltas of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers formed this delta. This region begins north of Baghdad and extends all the way to the Gulf.These regions have been categorized, according to the findings of the researchers [7–9].Mesopotamian journal of BigDataVol. (2022) 2022, pp. 36–43DOI: https://doi.org/10.58496/MJBD/2022/005ISSN: 2958-6453https://mesopotamian.press/journals/index.php/BigData

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Production of Biofuels from Biomass as an Approach Towards Sustainable Development: A Short Review

Journal NTU Journal of renewable energy

publisher not indexed

DOI https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v3i1.346

Issue 1

Volume 3

Alternative fuels reduce the carbon footprint of internal combustion engines. Biofuels are the most important alternative fuels. Manufacturing processes for biofuels have made it possible to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from well to wheel. There are a number of popular alternative fuels for use in internal combustion (IC) engines, including biodiesel, bioethanol, and bio methanol. Biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel blends in compression ignition (CI) engines have received a lot of attention. Biofuel is any liquid fuel derived from "biomass," such as plants and animal waste. Biofuels replace gasoline and diesel. Biofuels are promising because the carbon dioxide (CO2) they emit is recycled through the environment. Biofuel plants collect CO2 from the air and release it when burned. In principle, biofuels can be a "carbon neutral" or "carbon negative" means to power automobiles, trucks, and planes. Biofuels can reduce CO2 emissions without requiring many infrastructural changes. They can be used in existing cars and mass-produced from biomass like chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Future biofuels may be moved using current pipelines. Making carbon-neutral biofuels is difficult. Fermentation, processing energy, transportation, and even plant nutrients can produce CO2 and other greenhouse gases before biofuels are consumed. Biomass agriculture can have climate consequences if it replaces CO2-storing woods. How biofuels are generated and used affects their potential as a climate solution.

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Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy

Journal Open Engineering

publisher DE GRUYTER

DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0362

Volume 12

Greenhouse is one of the most recent agricultural systems that provides an economic resource by increasing production and allowing crops to be grown all year. In Iraq, this approach encounters an impediment during the summer. As a result of the rapid rise in temperatures, greenhouses are becoming increasingly ineffective. In this season, it is unusable. A two-stage evaporative cooling system was used in this study, with one indirect evaporative cooling heat exchanger and three direct evaporative cooling pads. The performance of the proposed indirect–direct evaporative cooling (IDEC) unit with various settings was tested during the summer season in Kirkuk, with dry bulb temperatures ranging from 45 to 50°C. The results reveal that using groundwater increased the IDEC unit’s efficiency to 98.3%, compared to 67.5% when using direct evaporative cooling. When covering layers were used, solar intensity entering the greenhouse was lowered from 11.4% for a single layer to 28.4% for two layers with one layer of green mesh. In comparison to ambient circumstances and according to the parameters analyzed, the IDEC system employing groundwater results in a decrease in greenhouse temperature and an increase in greenhouse relative humidity. The IDEC unit was verified using TRANSYS software and experimental measurements from a test greenhouse. For the same ambient temperature, simulated and experimental findings revealed that the simulated temperature is lower than the experimental temperature. The percentage difference in greenhouse temperature between the TRANSYS simulation and experimental measurements reached a maximum of 9.43%.

Photovoltaic Solar Chimney System: A Review

Journal Journal of Global Scientific Research

publisher not indexed

DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6633552

Issue 6

Volume 7

Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the harvesting techniques for renewable energy resources, which can meet future energy demand. One of the most significant research issues right now is the marriage of solar cell technology with solar chimney technology. Because of its uses for simultaneous power production, ventilation, and heating, PVsolar chimneys are gaining a lot of interest. A study of the literature is presented in this article, which includes several designs of a PV-solar chimney system as well as their thermal and electrical applications. The review examines the impact of design and operational parameters on the performance of the PV-solar chimney, including the glass cover, use of a direct current fan, façade width, air vent, air gap thickness, thermal insulation, packing factor, coverage, heat storage, air mass flow rate, PV cell cooling, southern windows, and solar cell tilt angle. A comparison of the PV-solar chimney system and the traditional solar chimney is also shown, as well as the application of this unique technology. Engineers and researchers will benefit from this review paper, which will give information for future study.

Theoretical and practical investigation of the CTPTC performance using FUZZY logic control

Journal NTU Journal of renewable energy

publisher not indexed

DOI https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v2i1.156

Issue 1

Volume 2

The purpose of this research is to determine the performance of a close type parabolic trough collector (CTPTC) by varying the design and operating parameters on a sunny day. It was carried out at Iraq's Renewable Energy Unit in Hawija. Use water as working fluid (WF) at a mass flow rate of 0.00083, 0.0011, 0.00138 and 0.00166 Kg/s. The concentration ratio of 10, 14, 18 and 22 are used. The fuzzy technique was used to analyze the system's performance, where the theoretical analysis was carried out according to ASHRAE 93-1986 (RA-91). The findings demonstrated that theoretical efficiency reaches a maximum of 58 % when the mass flow is greatest, and the concentration ratio is minimum. Simultaneously, the practical efficiency increases to 38% under the same circumstances.

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Improving thermal performance using Al2O3-water nanofluid in a double pipe heat exchanger filling with porous medium

Journal Thermal Science

publisher not indexed

DOI https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI190602056J

Issue 6

Volume 24

A double pipe heat exchanger is significant device for many industrial applications. In this paper, an experimental study using both porous media and nanofluid to enhance heat transfer in a double pipe heat exchanger is performed. The test rig has been fabricated with inner copper pipe of 1.10 m length, 16 mm, and 14 mm outside and inside diameter, respectively. While, the outer PVC pipe is 1 m length, 31 mm, and 27 mm outside and inside diameter, respectively. The inner pipe has been filling with 3 mm diameters of steel balls porous media. The experimental tests were performed utilizing alumina nanofluid (Al2O3-water) with two volume concentrations 0.5% and 1%. The volume flow-rates are in the range of (2-5) Lpm and 10 Lpm through inner and outer pipe, respectively. It was conducted with a constant 28ᵒC inlet temperature of cold fluid-flow inside the inner pipe and 50ᵒC inlet temperature of hot fluid-flow inside the outer pipe. Results indicated that the heat transfer enhanced as nanofluid volume concentrations and volume flow-rates increase. It was observed that effectiveness increases as increase of flow-rate and nanofluid concentrations.

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Natural Convection in a Square Cavity Filled with Saturated Porous Media and Partially Heated From Below

Publisher IOP

DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012059

Country Iraq

Location 1st International Conference on Sustainable Engineering and Technology (INTCSET 2020) 15th-16th December 2020, Baghdad, Iraq

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