The Global Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Microbiological Review

Jul 13, 2025

Journal International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research

publisher International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research

DOI 10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.3.62-76

Issue 03

Volume 06

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat that compromisesthe effectiveness of current antimicrobial therapies. This review outlines keymicrobiological mechanisms of resistance, including enzymatic degradation ofantibiotics, efflux pump activity, and genetic mutations that enhance bacterial survival.These adaptations contribute to treatment failures and increase patient mortality andhealthcare costs. Clinically, AMR limits therapeutic options, prolongs hospital stays,and complicates infections. Environmentally, the spread of resistant bacteria throughwastewater, agriculture, and pharmaceutical waste plays a significant role insustaining resistance in natural ecosystems. A thorough understanding of thesemechanisms is essential for developing strategies to monitor, prevent, and manageAMR. Addressing this crisis requires global cooperation, surveillance, and investmentin alternative therapies and responsible antibiotic use.

Read Publication

Efficacy of Nigella sativa and Zingiber officinale Extract Against Multidrug- Resistance Escherichia coli: An Experimental Study

Nov 1, 2024

Journal Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research

publisher Society of Pathological Biochemistry and Hematology

DOI 10.21608/jbaar.2024.329699.1094

Issue 4

Volume 10

The effectiveness of a plant extract of Nigella sativa (black seed) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Strains was carried out. Ten strains were selected from a previous study and diagnosed by biochemical tests and confirmed by the VITEK 2 device. Susceptibility testing against (10) selected antibiotics was performed, which proved that all strains were multidrug-resistant. The Agar Diffusion method was used to test the effectiveness of the extracts through discs saturated with methanol and water extracts at concentrations of 100 mg/ml. Some strains showed non-significant inhibition zones around the discs which were saturated with methanolic extract. In contrast, the aqueous extracts did not show any noticeable effect. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined by the dilution method, where the ethanolic extracts reduced the turbidity of some strains at concentrations of (100 mg/ml). Still, the bacterial growth continued as scattered colonies when the samples were re-cultured on an agar medium. These results indicate that the plant extracts that were used did not achieve any effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, highlighting the need for further studies to explore other methods or concentrations.

Read Publication

Phenotypic and molecular detection of some Gram-negative bacteria from water of some commercial fish tanks in Mosul City/Iraq

Oct 19, 2024

Journal Microbes and Infectious Diseases

publisher Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine

DOI 10.21608/mid.2024.326054.2264

Aim: Evaluation of the level of bacterial contamination in the water of fish tanks designated for human consumption in some commercial fish shops in Mosul city/Iraq. Methods: Two to three ml of water samples from 24 tanks containing Cyprinus carpio fish sold for consumption were collected. Phenetic identification (morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests) and Molecular detection using the Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) technique to confirm the identification of isolated bacteria to strain level. Results: The results indicated the presence of a variety of 51 Gram-negative bacterial strains (some coliform strains in addition to Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacterspp). in the pond water, which poses a health risk due to their endotoxins that are not affected by cooking temperatures. Conclusion: Only 13 of the isolated strains were subjected to PCR analysis and were registered in the NCBI database, where Escherichia coli was the most common strain among the identified strains.

Read Publication

Seroprevalence of (HBV and HCV) and studying the effect of some risk factors among Hemodialysis patient in Mosul city.

Jun 1, 2017

Journal Kirkuk Univ. J./Scientific Stud

publisher University of Kirkuk

Issue 3

Volume 12

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of chronic kidney failure disease to patients subjected to hemodialysis according to sex and age, and the prevalence of hepatitis B and C among patients in the city of Mosul from the period of March the first 2015 to the first of April 2016. The study also aimed to assess some of the risk factors in increasing the incidence of this viruses among patients such as (Blood Transfusion, the period to start hemodialysis, the number of hemodialysis per week), and it detected surface antigen virus pattern hepatitis B (HBsAg) and C Antidody. The study included follow-ups of 140 cases for both sexes and different ages as well as (30) of the healthy as control group: The study data recorded prevalence of chronic renal failure patients treated with blood circulation by 61.4% among males compared with 38.5% among females. And the proportion was higher in the age groups ( more than 50 years) and reached 47% ) Regarding the prevalence of hepatitis B and C types among these patients, the results showed that the prevalence of hepatitis type B is higher than hepatitis C, with the proportions of 16.4% and 14.2% respectively, and the proportion of infection in males is higher compared to females and the results showed that the incidence rate increases for with age in these viruses. Regarding the results of the effects of some risk factors on the increased incidence of HBV and HCV among these patients, The results showed that the rate of infection was high in patients who had blood transfusions (more than 3_4 times a month) and had hemodialysis (twice or more a week) and had a long history of starting hemodialysis More than 3 years)

Read Publication