Publications
Shear Strengthening of Recycled Lightweight Coarse Aggregate Concrete Beams Using NSM Technique
Nov 25, 2024Journal Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering
Publisher Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering
DOI https://doi.org/10.58496/MJCE/2024/013
Issue ISSN: 3006-1148
Volume Vol.2024
The NSM technique began to apply as a modern technique to treat defects in structural elements and to increase the shear and flexural strength of structural elements. For this technique to be effective, a series of practical experiments were conducted to characterize the behavior of the element strengthened by the NSM technique for flexure and shear. Shear strengthening with GFRP rods is the focus of this paper for concrete beams that contain 30% coarse aggregate replacement ratio of bonza (volumetric ratio) obtained from the rubble of demolished buildings. A total of 7 beams were loaded under four-point load test, the parameters examined were the angle of inclination and the distance between the GFRP bars, the presence and absence of stirrups and the bonza aggregate replacement ratio. The characterization of the tested beams includes failure mode, load-deflection curves, load-strain curves of stirrups, rebars and GFRP rods and the surface concrete strain in the shear zone of beam. The results showed that the use of GFRP rods used to strengthen concrete beams was relatively effective, especially in the presence of stirrups, where the gain in shear strength was 8.8% and 4.1% when the distance between the vertical GFRP bars was (200 and 300) mm, respectively, with the presence of stirrups. While the gain in shear strength was (5.9%) when the GFRP bars were inclined at 45o with presence of stirrups. The deflection of strengthened beams was greater than the deflection of unstrengthened beam, where the maximum deflection of strengthened beams reaches 29.6mm at 177kN, while the maximum deflection of unstrengthned beam was 18.9mm at 185kN.
Estimating the Sediment Load Transported by the Valleys to Makhoul Dam Reservoir (Under Construction)
May 20, 2024Journal Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Publisher Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
DOI http://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.2.24
Issue 2
Volume 31
The problem of sediments in dam reservoirs has negative effects on the life of dams and the associated financial costs for removing them from these reservoirs. This research is concerned with studying soil erosion in six valleys that flow into the Makhoul Dam reservoir and estimating the amount of sediment that will move into this reservoir annually. Three of these valleys (Al-Jirnaf, Umm Al-Shababit, and Al-Qasr) are located on the western (right) side of the reservoir, and the other three valleys (Al-Shook, Al- Rakhma, and Al-Fudha) are located on the left (eastern) bank of the reservoir. The sediments load expected to flow into the reservoir from these valleys were estimated by calculating the amount of soil erosion using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and geographic information systems programs (GIS and Global Mapper) in addition to surfer program. Next, by figuring out the sediment delivery ratio (SDR), it was determined how much sediment load will be reached the reservoir from every valley. The results indicated that the total annual erosion of soil from these six valleys amounted to 1,010,677 tons, of which 249,175 tons are expected to reach the Makhul reservoir annually as a sediment load, divided as follows: Annual erosion from Al-Jarnaf valley is 518,700 tons, of which 121,467 tons reach the reservoir, at a rate of 48.7%. As for Al-Fudha valley, the annual erosion amounted to 232,198 tons, of which 54,692 tons reached to the reservoir, at a rate of 21.95%. The Umm al-Shababit valley occupied third place in terms of annual erosion 128,725 tons, of which 34,529 tons reached the reservoir at a rate of 13.85% of the total sediment load from the six valleys. Al-Shouk, Al- Rahma and Al-Qasr catchments came in fourth, fifth and sixth place, respectively. These catchments have annual erosion quantities of 52,299, 42,415, and 36,338 tons, and will contribute 14,901, 12,484, and 11,100 tons per year to the reservoir as a sediment load, which comes to 5.96%, 5.01%, and 4.45% for each of them, respectively.
Estimation of annual evaporation losses for the Makhoul Dam reservoir (under construction)
Apr 18, 2024Journal NTU Journal for Renewable Energy
Publisher NTU Journal for Renewable Energy
DOI https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v6i1
Issue 1
Volume 6
The problem of evaporation is considered one of the most important problems that dam reservoirs suffer from due to economic losses and treatment costs. Makhoul Dam, a dam under construction in Iraq. In this research, a study was conducted to estimate the evaporation loss from the dam reservoir. A type A pan was used to measure daily evaporation for a full year starting from July 2022 until June 2023, and GiS software was used to estimate the shape of the reservoir based on the information available for the dam and DEM satellite images of the area. Two sites were chosen to measure evaporation, one in the city of Al-Zab, and the other in the village of Tal Ali, about 30 km from the dam. The results showed that the cumulative total annual evaporation from the Al-Zab and Tal Ali measuring stations amounted to 1547 mm/year and 1766 mm/year, respectively. The evaporation rate from the two stations reached 1656 mm/year. Two assumptions were made for the method of evaporation from the reservoir. The first assumed that the reservoir was full throughout the year. In this case, the evaporation loss from the tank is 380,631,600 cubic meters/year, or the equivalent of 15% of the stock volume. The second hypothesis assumed that the inventory varies throughout the year, starting with the highest level in the spring and then decreasing. Gradually until the end of autumn, then it increases again in winter. In this hypothesis, the annual losses will be 288,175,555 cubic meters/year, equivalent to 11% of the stock volume.
A Review on the Impact of Fly Ash on the Resistance of Ultra-High Performance Concrete to Acid and Sulfate Attacks
Feb 5, 2024Journal ESTIDAMAA
Publisher ESTIDAMAA
Issue 3078-428X
Volume (2024), 2024
A huge amount of fly ash (FA) was generated every year and dumped in landfills in large quantities and leading to environmental pollution issues. The use of FA in normal concrete and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) can reduce pollution in both cases, namely, reduce the accumulation of FA as waste material in landfills and reduce the cement production that generates around 7% of total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study is a comprehensive review to find out the effect of FA on some durability properties of UHPC, namely acid and sulfate attacks. The results indicate that the use of FA has a positive effect on the increase in the resistance of UHPC samples against acid and sulfate attacks. It is recommended to use nano-FA in the treatment of corrosion and carbonation of UHPC.
Evaluation of a number of water treatment plants in Kirkuk governorate using the water quality index
Mar 11, 2018Journal Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Publisher Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.25.1.08
Issue 25
Volume 1
A study was conducted on sixteen water purification plants in Kirkuk governorate to evaluate the treatment of water in them, where physical and chemical tests were conducted for raw water and treated water for a period of (6) months from December until May. Temperature, turbidity, pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Electric Conductivity (EC), alkali, Total Hardness (TH) and calcium (Ca+ 2) were measured. Water quality index Canadian method (CCME) was used to classify raw water quality and treated water. The results showed that the raw water for all stations was classified as category (4)(bad) during the study period. The treated water was different for the treatment plants. Two of the treatment plants recorded good efficiency in water treatment (AL-Shallalah plant and Sin AL-Thiban) the treated water remained in category (2)(good). While the water quality of AL-Mosanaa plant indicated that there was a problem in the treatment of water in this plant, the treated water remained in category (4) bad during the study period. Water quality index fluctuated for other plants during the study period. The study also showed that alkali values of all stations were higher than the allowable limit for raw water and treated water.
Suitability Evaluation of Wells Water for Various Uses for the Confined Region Between Tigris and Lower-Zab Rivers
Jan 1, 2016Journal Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Publisher Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Issue 4
Volume 23
In this study, 68 wells were selected from different locations for the area located between Tigris river and Lower Zab river, and its suburbs south of Makhmor Mount. A series of chemical and physical tests were carried out for the groundwater of each well, where the calcium , total hardness (T.H)., total dissolved soled (T.D.S)., Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Turbidity, Alkaline were examined.. Results were compared and evaluated with the limits permitted by the Iraqi standards for drinking water and with the specifications of industrial and agricultural consumption. The results showed the disqualification of most of these wells for drinking purposes because the high content of salt and high hardness, where exceed the limits of Iraqi standards for drinking water except one well. Also, the results show that 36 wells were suitable for irrigation and agriculture with taking precautions to proportion of salts, while 32 wells were not well within the specifications of irrigation water. The industrial consumption has been found that all wells were not identical to the specifications used in the food industry.
EVALUATION THE EFFICIENCY OF GAS AL- SHAMAL WATER TREATEMENT PLANT
Mar 1, 2015Journal Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences
Publisher Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences
Issue 1
Volume 8
This study gives a description for the units and components of water treatment plant of Gas AL- Shamal Company. The study aimed to evaluation the efficiency of the plant through testing physical and chemical characteristics of raw water and treated water, then comparing with the characteristics of Iraqi drinking water standards. The study showed that the plant was efficient for turbidity and total suspended solids removal. The results appeared that characteristics of the total dissolved solids (T.D.S.), total hardness (T.H.), electrical conductivity (E.C.), chloride (Cl), and sulfate within the characteristics limits of Iraqi drinking water standards for raw and treated water. The results also show that the (pH) values were out of suitable values of flocculation materials. The fluoride values of raw and treated water were low within the standards.
EVALUATION WELLS OF WATER SUITABILITY OF ALHAWIJA AND ITS VILLAGES (KIRKUK GOVERNORATE ) FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Dec 5, 2013Journal IRAQI JOURNAL OF DESERT STUDIES
Publisher IRAQI JOURNAL OF DESERT STUDIES
Issue 1
Volume 5
Groundwater is one of the important source of providing the human with water for drinking the other purposes . Twenty wells were chosen at different locations from the village and areas surrounding AL – Hawija city . Physical and chemical tests were carried out for each water samples specifically they include : nitrate, phosphate , total hardness as CaCo3 , total dissolved solids, chloride , PH and turbidity . The results were evaluated and compared with Iraqi standard specification for drinking water . The results indicated that the groundwater are not allowable for drinking use because the groundwater contented Nitrate, phosphate and high contents of total hardness and T.D.S.
Hydraulic characteristics of semi- circular sharp crested weirs
Mar 1, 2011Journal Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Publisher Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Issue 1
Volume 18
In this research the hydraulic characteristics of sharp crested weirs with semi- circular shape were studied, the study was depended on the dimensional analysis which confirmed by experimental work. The dimensional analysis results demonstrate that the effective parameters on the discharge of flow over this type of weir are the ratio of water height above the weir crest to the radius of this weir (H/R) and the ratio of water height above the weir crest to the height of the crest (H/P). Experimental tests were carried out on (16) models of weirs with Semi-circle shape where the radius of cutting was change four times (R=5, 10, 15, 20 cm) and for any radius the height of the crest was change four times (P= 30, 25, 20, 15 cm). The results show a great influence of the parameter (H/R) on flow parameter (Q2/gH5) while the effect of the parameter (H/P) is limited. Depending on non-dimensional parameters and experimental results, the statistics program (SPSS) were used to create empirical equation for measuring the discharge over the sharp crested weirs with semi-circular shape. The results of the equation show a very good agreement with the experimental result for determine the discharge with knowing the depth of water over the weir (H) , radius of cutting of the weir (R) and height of the crest (P). Also the equation shows a great influence of the radius (R) and limited influence of the height (P) on the discharge over this type of weirs.
DRAG FORCES AND FLOW TYPES ON UNCONVENTIONAL TYPES OF STILLING BASINS BAFFLE BLOCKS
Sep 1, 2008Journal Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Publisher Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Issue 3
Volume 15
The aim of the present study is to indicate the drag coefficient, pressure distribution and flow types on unconventional types of angularly cutted baffle blocks and compare the results with standard baffle blocks by using the Fluent program depending and the experimental results to achieve that. Values of the drag coefficient for different baffle blocks in this study were found in terms of the primary Froude numbers. Results indicated that values of the drag coefficient for the vertically cutted blocks were less than the horizontally cutted baffle blocks in the same flow conditions. Also, maximum values of applied pressures on the surface of the vertically cutted baffle blocks were less than on other models which makes them more better than others.
Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy in Stilling Basin by Cutting Baffle Blocks
Aug 1, 2005Journal Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Publisher Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Issue 3
Volume 12
This study was undertaken to evaluate the hydraulic performance of stilling basin with unusual shapes of baffle blocks. Seven groups of baffle blocks were selected for this purpose , these blocks were cut within a different forms, three of these groups were cut with angle (15º, 30º, 45º) horizontally. Another three groups were cut with the same above angles, but vertically. The seventh group was cut with semi-cylindrical section (shown from side view). For a comparison, standard trapezoidal baffle blocks were used. Dimensional analysis technique was used to obtain the dimensionless parameters of hydraulic performance of the cutting baffle blocks and the drag force applied on these blocks. Laboratory experiments were carried out on one raw of the cutting baffle blocks for each model. The results indicated that the cutting baffle blocks are generally better than the standard blocks in dissipation of a hydraulic energy and reduction of a hydraulic jump length, but a ratio of drag force applied on cutting baffle blocks was greater than this ratio on the standard blocks. For the same flow conditions and angle of cut, the baffle blocks of vertically cutting gave a better results for energy dissipation and reduction in the length of the hydraulic jump than the baffle blocks of horizontally cutting, but the drag force applied on the baffle blocks with a vertically cutting was greater than applied on a blocks with horizontally cutting. Also, the results indicated that an agreement in the hydraulic performance between the baffle blocks which were cut at (45º) vertically and the baffle blocks of semi-cylindrical cutting. The cutting baffle blocks gives a greater value of the energy dissipation which was (80.62%) than the standard blocks and greater value of reduction in the hydraulic jump length which was(37.5%),also these blocks gives maximum increase of the drag force ratio which was (97%) greater than its value on the standard baffle blocks.
Effect of Horizontal Deviation Angle on the Hydraulic Properties of the Semicircle Weir with Sharp Edge
Jan 1, 0019Journal JARDCS
Publisher JARDCS
Issue 01-Special Issue
Volume 11
In this study, the effect of the angle of the horizontal deviation of sharp edge, semi-circular crest weir and angled horizontally on the properties of flow over of weir. The study was based on dimensional analysis and laboratory work. In dimensional analysis, the following parameters were found to effect the flow over the weir; the factor of discharge ratio (Q/ g H2.5), the factor of the flow depth to the weir radius (H/R), the ratio of the flow depth to the height of weir (H/P) and the coefficient of tangent of the horizontal angle of deviation of weir from the normal line on the flow (tanα). Four value of radius of weir crest were chosen (R=5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm) and the height of weir were changed four times (P=15cm, 20cm, 25cm, 30). The horizontal angle of models were changed three times (α = 15o, 30o, 45o) which results in a total number of samples of 48. The study showed a significant effect of the angle of deviation (α) on the coefficient of discharge ratio at the low values of the coefficient H/R while no significant effect observed at high values of this coefficient. The study also showed a clear effect of the angle of deviation (α) on the coefficient of discharge ratio at the low values of the coefficient (H/P), while there was little impact of the angle at the high values of this coefficient. An empirical equation was developed to calculate the discharge over this type of weir using the statistical program (SPSS) based on laboratory results. The results of the equation showed significant correlation with the laboratory results.