Optimization and Simulation of the Perturb and Observe Algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Systems

Feb 3, 2026

Journal NTU Journal of Renewable Energy

Issue 1

Volume 9

This paper simulates and investigates the "Perturbation and Observation" (P&O) algorithm, applied in the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for photovoltaic (PV) systems: This work explores how dynamic adaptations to temperature and solar radiation can raise the efficiency of solar panels thereby optimizing power extraction from the photovoltaic system. Under study are a solar module, a DC-DC boost converter, a maximum power point tracking controller, and an electrical load. Using MATLAB/Simulink, the performance of the algorithm under three separate operating conditions—variations in temperature at a constant solar radiation, variations in solar radiation at a constant temperature, and simultaneous variations in both solar radiation and temperature—was evaluated. The results show that the method offers fast dynamic reaction and great tracking of the greatest power point, therefore improving the efficiency of photovoltaic systems. The results of the study show that fast changes in solar radiation might affect the effectiveness of the algorithm, thereby stressing the need of more complex management techniques to preserve accurate and stable tracking. This paper simulates and investigates the "Perturbation and Observation" (P&O) algorithm, applied in the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for photovoltaic (PV) systems: This work explores how dynamic adaptations to temperature and solar radiation can raise the efficiency of solar panels thereby optimizing power extraction from the photovoltaic system. Under study are a solar module, a DC-DC boost converter, a maximum power point tracking controller, and an electrical load. Using MATLAB/Simulink, the performance of the algorithm under three separate operating conditions—variations in temperature at a constant solar radiation, variations in solar radiation at a constant temperature, and simultaneous variations in both solar radiation and temperature—was evaluated. The results show that the method offers fast dynamic reaction and great tracking of the greatest power point, therefore improving the efficiency of photovoltaic systems. The results of the study show that fast changes in solar radiation might affect the effectiveness of the algorithm, thereby stressing the need of more complex management techniques to preserve accurate and stable tracking.

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Optimizing electron beam deflection angle in scanning electron microscopy for enhanced material characterization in sustainable energy applications

Feb 3, 2026

Journal Applied Physics A

This work examines the adjustment of the electron beam deflection angle in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to improve the precision of microstructural characterisation, especially for sustainable energy materials. constructing and tested three magnetic objective lens designs (m1, m2, and m3) using finite element method simulations, magnetic flux density profiling, and beam-trajectory calculations. Model m1 stood out from the others because it had the smallest probe diameter, less spherical and chromatic aberration, and a longer working distance of 6.287 mm. The best deflection angle was found to be between 0.1 and 0.2 mrad, and 0.15 mrad always gave the finest focus at all accelerating voltages. Model m3 had the maximum magnetic flux density, but its bigger aberration coefficients made the picture quality worse. These results make it clear how important balanced magnetic field distribution and lens shape are to SEM performance. The improved arrangement described here offers a more dependable imaging approach for nanostructured materials used in photovoltaics, batteries, and thin-film energy devices. Particularly for sustainable energy uses, this work seeks to maximize the electron beam deflection angle in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) thereby improving material characterisation. Designed and investigated using finite element method (FEM)-based simulations and magnetic flux density profiling three magnetic objective lens models (m1, m2, m3).

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Revolutionizing scanning electronmicroscopywith compound lenses: a comprehensive review

Jan 10, 2025 - Mar 3, 2026

Country iraq

Location kirkuk

Effect of changing the geometric parameters on the optical performance of the immersion electrostatic lens in the scanning electron microscope

Nov 13, 2024 - Mar 3, 2026

Country iraq

Location kirkuk

UVC IRRADIATION EFFECT ON GOLD NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY PULSED LASER ABLATION AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Jul 7, 2024 - Mar 3, 2026

Country iraq

Location kirkuk

Design of the illumination system in the field emission Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Sep 4, 2017 - Mar 3, 2026

Country iraq

Location kirkuk