Zaid A. Shaalan

Academic Degree: PhD

Supervisor Type: Supervisor

Supervisor State: Graduated

Shadan Ameen

Academic Degree: PhD

Supervisor Type: Supervisor

Supervisor State: Graduated

Mohamed Ghazi

Academic Degree: PhD

Supervisor Type: Supervisor

Supervisor State: Graduated

Omer Sadoon

Academic Degree: Master

Supervisor Type: Supervisor

Supervisor State: Graduated

Zaid A. Shaalan

Academic Degree: Master

Supervisor Type: Supervisor

Supervisor State: Graduated

PhD

Heat transfer, renewable energy, power plant [Undergraduate studies]

Advanced Thermodynamics, Exergy, Nanofluid [Graduate studies]

Numerical-Experimental Study to Improve photovoltaic panel cooling by using hybrid ZnO/Al2O3 Nanofluids

Journal Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106053

Volume 70

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Enhanced Photovoltaic Cooling Using ZnO/TiO₂ Hybrid Nanofluids: Numerical and Experimental Analysis

Journal International Journal of Thermofluids

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101222

Volume 27

Overheating frequently results in decreased operating efficiency for photovoltaic (PV) panels, which impairs their capacity to efficiently convert solar energy. In order to improve PV system thermal management, this work examines the cooling efficacy of a ZnO/TiO₂ hybrid nanofluid at a concentration of 0.02 %. This study examines the cooling performance of air-cooled, water-cooled, and hybrid nanofluid-cooled PV panels in a new way by combining numerical models with real testing. It focuses on temperature changes and how they affect power production and electrical efficiency. Three identical PV panels were cooled using water, air, and hybrid nanofluid cooling techniques. In order to evaluate temperature variations, electrical efficiency, and power output for every cooling method, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were used in conjunction with experimental testing. When compared to air cooling at 1:00 pm., the electrical efficiency using the hybrid nanofluid cooling technique was increased by 12.1 % and by 8.2 % when using water cooling. Notably, water cooling achieved a 7.0 % reduction in panel temperature, while hybrid nanofluid cooling reduced it by 10.4 %. These findings suggest that hybrid nanofluids hold significant potential for improving PV performance, offering an effective solution to enhance solar energy system efficiency.

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Nanofluid Applications of the Thermal Performance of a Forced Cooling Tower: A Review

Journal Nanotechnology Perceptions

DOI https://doi.org/10.62441/nano-ntp.v20iS3.609

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Exergy of flat plate solar collector with nanofluid flowing under climatic of Kirkuk city

Journal Journal of Science and Engineering Applications

publisher Islamic University/Najaf

Volume 6

Thermosiphon flow of flat plate solar collector (FPC) is one of the economic strategies of renewable energy. The aim of this study is to reduce the exergy destruction and improve energy efficiency of FPC under climatic conditions of Iraq. The CuO nanoparticles suspended in pure water has been utilized due to high thermal properties with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% volume concentrations. Results show that the outlet temperature is increased with increasing solar radiation earlier then decreased after 12 P.M. similar behavior of solar radiation. The thermal efficiency is increased as solar radiation increased then decreased after 12 P.M. as the solar radiation behavior. It was noticed that the efficiency of using nanofluids has the same behavior as using purified water with deviation 15%. The amount of 1.0 vol% of nanofluid with pure water as the working fluid reaches the greatest thermal efficiency which is 69.06%. The 1% nanofluids concentration has better efficiency. The results show up the nanofluids was better than pure water due to their dispersion and thermophysical property predictions.

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Availability Prediction of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Using Twisted Tape and Nanofluids.

Journal International Journal of Heat & Technology

Volume 84

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Numerical investigation of hybrid nanofluid flow through backward facing step

Journal AIP Conference Proceedings

DOI https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0180179

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A review of enhancement of thermal performance of flat plate solar collectors through nanofluid implementation

Journal Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rm.2023.14

Issue 1

Volume 40

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Enhancement of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Effectiveness by Using Porous Media and TiO2 Water

Journal CFD Letters

Issue 4

Volume 15

IMPACT OF COIL PITCH ON HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT OF A TURBULENT FLOW OF -AL2O3/DW NANOFLUID THROUGH HELICAL COILS

Journal Thermal Science

publisher Thermal Science

The current study experimentally examines the impact of coil pitch on heat transfer behavior and friction factor through helical coils for αAl2O3/Distilled water nanofluid turbulent flow. These tests were conducted on coils with coil pitches of 20, 35, and 50 mm. The nanoparticle volume fraction was 0.1%. The nanoparticles in a 0.1% volume concentration of nanofluid increased the heat transfer rate and friction factor compared to those of distilled water. Increases in coil pitch also resulted in greater heat transfer efficiency. A correlation between the Reynolds number, the Prandtl number, and the curvature ratio of the coil was also shown to be connected to the Nusselt numbers for the flow of nanofluids within the coils.

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Heat transfer enhancement using hybrid nanoparticles in ethylene glycol through a horizontal heated tube

Journal International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering (IJAME)

publisher UMP

DOI https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.14.2.2017.6.0335

Volume 14

Heating hybrid nanofluids by the mixing of solid nanoparticles suspended in liquid represents a new class of heat transfer enhancement. To enhance heat transfer for many industrial applications, a computational fluid dynamics modelling simulation using the finite volume method and adopting the SIMPLE algorithm was performed. The mixture of aluminium nitride nanoparticles into ethylene glycol which acts as a base fluid is considered as a new concept of hybrid nanofluids that can increase heat transfer. The hybrid nanofluid was prepared experimentally with a volume fraction range of 1% to 4%. The size diameter of nanoparticles, heat flux around a horizontal straight tube, and Reynolds number is approximately 30 nm, 5000 w/m2 and 5,000 to 17,000, respectively. The computational method had been successfully validated using available experimental data reported in the literature. It was found that 1% to 3% Aluminum nitride hybrid nanofluids can significantly affect efficiency, while more than 3% volume fraction are insignificant as they obtain less than one efficiency. Results show that a combination of aluminium nitride nanoparticles with the EG base fluid tends to augment heat transfer performance significantly.

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Experimental Measurements of Nanofluids Thermal Properties

Journal nternational Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering (IJAME)

publisher UMP

DOI https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.7.2012.5.0070

Issue Vol. 7 (2013): January-June

Volume 7

Solid particles dispersed in a liquid with sizes no larger than 100nm, known as nanofluids, are used to enhance Thermophysical properties compared to the base fluid. Preparations of alumina (Al2O3), titania (TiO2) and silica (SiO2) in water have been experimentally conducted in volume concentrations ranging between 1 and 2.5%. Thermal conductivity is measured by the hot wire method and viscosity with viscometer equipment. The results of thermal conductivity and viscosity showed an enhancement (0.5–20% and 0.5–60% respectively) compared with the base fluid. The data measured agreed with experimental data of other researchers with deviation of less than 5%. The study showed that alumina has the highest thermal conductivity, followed silica and titania, on the other hand silica has the highest viscosity followed alumina and titania.

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Enhancement of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Effectiveness by Using Water-CuO

Journal NTU Journal of Engineering and Technology

publisher Northern Technical University

This study utilized Nano fluid as a cold fluid in evaluating the counter flow double tube heat exchanger, which will one meter long, an outer diameter of 19 mm, and an inner diameter of 9.5 mm made of copper. Water was the basic fluid, mixed with 40 nm, a volume concentration of (0.5%) and (1%), respectively, of CuO nanoparticles. At 2 L/min, 4 L/min and 6 L/min, Nano fluid flows inside the inner tube. At 20 C, the Nano fluid enters the heat exchanger. The flow of hot water into the heat exchanger is 4 L/min throughan annular space with an entry temperature of 65 C. To achieve better heat exchanger performance. The experimental results will compare to those of pure water. The improvement in performance with Nano fluid as a working fluid was found as (40%) maximum effectiveness obtained at Nano fluid flow rate of 2 L/min with (0.5%) volume concentration and effectiveness (54%) at (1%) a volume concentration.

Heat Transfer Enhancement using Nanofluids for Cooling Computer Device: A Review

Journal NTU Journal of Engineering and Technology

publisher Northern Technical University

DOI https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujet.v1i1.82

Issue Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): First Issue

Volume 1

Computer heat dissipation is increasing constantly. This paper discusses a review of computer cooling methods to find the best cooling system. It can be starting with the traditional computer cooling system utilized air then developing it to a liquid cooling system. In the last decade, the nanofluid is attended potentially as a tool for cooling devices especially cooling of computer. It can be summarized the hot topic of cooling devices using nanofluid. The volume fraction and size diameter of nanofluid are significant parameters for utilizing nanofluid with cooling device.

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Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity Measurement of Zno Nanoparticles Dispersing in Various Base Fluids

Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity Measurement of ZnO Nanoparticles Dispersing in Various Base Fluids

Journal Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences

publisher Penerbit Akademia Baru

Issue 2

Volume 66

In this paper, the Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowders suspended in three various base fluids water, Ethylene glycol (EG), and 50%EG+50%W are prepared experimentally. Both nanofluids and base fluids thermal conductivity and viscosity have measured and validated with available experimental and standard data. The hot wire mode and viscometer were utilized to measure the thermal conductivity and viscosity of ZnO nanofluid volume fraction with the range of 0.3 to 1.7% under initial condition temperature of preparation from 25oC to 55oC. Results offer the thermal conductivity enhancement and viscosity increasing by 23% and 52% respectively as increasing in volume fraction whereas, the thermal conductivity enhancement and viscosity decreasing with temperature increasing by 27% and 18% respectively. It observes that the measured data have good agreement with other researchers’ data available in the literature with deviation less than 6%. The ZnO nanoparticle suspended in water has the elevated values of thermal conductivity and lowest worth of viscosity while, ZnO nanoparticle suspended in EG has the lowest values of thermal conductivity and highest values of viscosity.

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Efficiency Analysis of TiO2/Water Nanofluid In Trough Solar Collector

The impact of humidity on performance of wind turbine

Journal Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2019.100456

Volume 14

This paper discusses the utilization of a wind energy system as an alternative to traditional sources of energy. It is aimed for studying how to convert kinetic energy from the wind to electrical energy, as well as, the impact of humidity effect on the density of the air. Results of wind speed measured are depended on both solar energy and battery for operating purposes. The frequency of the wind turbine against the wind speed under the climatic conditions of Kirkuk city has been observed. It is found that the maximum value of frequency is at 225° which represented the southern west wind direction then the angle 118° that represented the eastern and southern east along the winter season. It is noted that the maximum value of frequency is at 112.5° which represented the eastern and southern east wind direction then the angle 150° that represented the southern and southern east along the winter season. It was observed that the maximum power of wind turbine reached to 115 W and 148 W for winter and summer season respectively. It is showed that the density of dry air is higher than that of humid air. The humid air implies lower density resulting in lower power from a wind turbine.

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Hybrid nanofluid to enhance heat transfer under turbulent flow in a flat tube

Journal Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2019.100398

Volume 13

The heat transfer enhancement by utilizing hybrid nanofluid is a new class of heat transfer enhancement. In this paper, CFD model with commercial software adopting the finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm has been conducted. Mixture of Aluminum Nitride (AlN) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles into water as a base fluid is considered as a new concept of hybrid nanofluid for enhancing heat transfer. It was performed the simulation procedures with the volume fraction (1, 2, 3 and 4%) and Reynolds number are changing from 5000 to 17000. The heat flux applied along the elliptical tube is 7000 w/m2 and the nanoparticles size diameter is fixed at 35 nm. The validation of computational results has been performed with experimental data available in the literature. The results indicated that the hybrid nanoparticles of AlN - Al2O3 suspended in water as a base fluid tends to enhance heat transfer significantly.

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Simulation of Turbulent Heat Transfer Augmentation with Hybrid Nanofluid

Journal DIYALA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

publisher Diyala University

DOI https://djes.info/index.php/djes/article/view/113

Volume 11

Study of heat transfer augmentation with hybrid nanofluid represents a new class of heat transfer augmentation. The CFD model by using commercial software depending on finite volume technique and adopting SIMPLE algorithm is performed. Mixture of Aluminum Nitride (AlN) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles into water as a basefluid is classified as a new class of hybrid nanofluids that can augment heat transfer. The nanofluid volume fraction and Reynolds number are in the range of (1% to 4%) and (5000 to 17000) respectively. The size diameter of nanoparticles and heat flux around a horizontal straight tube are fixed at 30 nm and 5000 w/m2 respectively. The numerical solution has been successfully validated by using an experimental data available in the literature. Results show that combination of AlN-Al2O3 nanoparticles into water basefluid tends to augment significant heat transfer performance.

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Latest developments in boiling critical heat flux using nanofluids: A concise review

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2018.08.009

Volume 98

The present paper is an overview of the latest developments regarding the application of nanofluids in boiling critical heat flux by means of both pool- and convective-flow boiling. Boiling heat transfer is a significant field in thermal engineering systems, and it is especially used for boiling in power plants as well as the cooling of nuclear reactors and high-tech electronic systems. This concise review contains efforts to show how nanofluids could play an essential role in achieving high heat flux with small temperature differences during the boiling process—which, in turn, improves the critical heat flux (boiling crisis) for such an operation and makes the heat-exchange system's performance safer and more durable. It is also expected that this work could be a helpful new reference guide that will allow investigators to update their knowledge on the topic of boiling critical heat flux using nanofluids. In addition, this work contains concise recommendations for future study directions.

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Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System of friction factor and heat transfer nanofluid turbulent flow in a heated tube

Journal Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2016.06.001

Volume 8

In this paper, estimating of hydrodynamics and heat transfer nanofluid flow through heated tube has been conducted by using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The CFD data related to three types of nanofluids (Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2) flow in horizontal tube with 19 mm diameter and 2000 mm length. Heat flux around tube is fixed at 5000 W/m2, the range of Reynolds number is (3000–30,000) and volume concentrations are (1% and 2%). ANFIS model has three input data presented by Reynolds number, volume concentration of nanofluids and materials and two output presented predicting friction factor and Nusselt number in the tube. The simulation results of proposed algorithm have been compared with CFD simulator in which the mean relative errors (MRE) are 0.1232% and 0.1123 for friction factor and Nusselt number respectively. Finally, ANFIS models can predict hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the higher accuracy than the developed correlations.

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Palm oil based nanofluids for enhancing heat transfer and rheological properties

Journal Heat Mass Transfer

publisher Springer Nature Link

DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-018-2364-9

Volume 54

Colloidal suspensions of nanomaterials size not more than 100 nm in basefluid are defined as nanofluids. The thermal and rheological properties study of oil based nanofluid is conducted to develop stable transformers palm oil based nanofluid. This paper describes the analysis techniques to determine the enhancement of thermal properties of nanofluids. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has dispersed in the palm oil to prepare nanofluids with volume concentration (0.01–0.09) percentage. Both thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid have measured by using the hot wire method and viscometer equipment respectively. Results indicate that the stable nanofluids improve the thermal properties as compared to palm oil. Results showed that the friction factor decreases as the Reynolds number increases and increases as the volume concentration increases. Additionally, the Nusselt number increases as the Reynolds number and volume concentration of the nanofluid increases.

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Thermal performance and thermal properties of hybrid nanofluid laminar flow in a double pipe heat exchanger

Journal Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.05.015

Volume 88

The mixing of solid nanoparticles suspended in liquid is defined as a hybrid nanofluid that represents a new class of heat transfer augmentation. In order to examine the laminar convective heat transfer of nanofluid, experiments were conducted using a hybrid nanofluid through a double pipe heat exchanger. The mixtures of Aluminum Nitride nanoparticles into ethylene glycol (EG) as a basefluid are considered to augment the heat transfer. The hybrid nanofluid is prepared with the volume fraction of 1–4% and having the size of diameter 30 nm in addition to measuring the thermal properties experimentally. Both hydrodynamic and thermal performances of AlN nanoparticle dispersed in EG are studied. The flow rates and Reynolds number along experiments are changed in the range of 0.5–4 LPM and 500–1750 respectively. The results show that the friction factor decreases when there is an increase in the flow rate and it increases when the volume concentration of nanofluid is increased while the Nusselt number increases by increasing of the flow rate and volume concentration of nanofluid. Meanwhile, the application of hybrid nanofluid with low volume fractions may augment heat transfer efficiency up to 160% as compared with conventional fluids. It was found that the thermal performance of hybrid nanofluid could drastically augment the thermal performances of a heat exchanger in comparison with basefluid up to 35% at high volume fraction.

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Thermophysical properties measurement of nano cellulose in ethylene glycol/water

Journal Applied Thermal Engineering

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.067

Volume 123

Nanofluids are the suspensions of solid nanoparticles in the liquids as base fluids. They have been the latest engineering material among the investigators as they exhibit promising enhanced thermal properties and many other possible developments. In this paper, experimental studies are conducted in the effort to measure the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanocellulose particles dispersed in ethylene glycol and water (EG-water) mixture with the weight concentration of 40/60% volume ratio. The experimental measurements are performed at various volume concentrations up to 1.3% and temperature ranging from 30 °C to 70 °C. The result demonstrates that as the measured temperature increases, thermal conductivities increases as well. The nanofluid has maximum thermal conductivity enhancement of 9.05% were found at 1.3% volume concentration when it is compared to the base fluid at 30 °C. As expected, viscosity values increase when the volume fraction increases. However, viscosities of the nanofluids are found to be decreasing when the temperature increases. At 1.3% volume concentration and 30 °C, nanofluid viscosity recorded the highest value, about 4.16 times of the base fluid. Finally, a new correlation with acceptable accuracy was proposed to predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids by using the obtained experimental data.

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Nanoparticles suspended in ethylene glycol thermal properties and applications: An overview

Journal Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.047

Volume 69

Modern nanotechnology can produce metallic or non-metallic particles of nanometer dimensions that have unique optical, mechanical, magnetic, electrical, and thermal properties. The purpose of this review is to summarise important published articles on the enhancement of convection heat transfer using nanoparticles dispersed in Ethylene Glycol (EG) and the effects on thermal properties and applications. This paper reviews all the articles relevant to nanoparticles suspended in EG. The studies of thermal properties including experimental measurement and correlations are reported. The effects of nanofluid volume fraction, temperature, and base fluid have been included. The stability of nanofluid was shown through testing to avoid agglomeration and clusters for many applications. In this paper, the applications of nanofluids in different types of heat exchangers, cooling systems, and solar energies are reviewed. In the field of economics, nanotech reduces manufacturing costs as a result of using a low-temperature process. In order to focus future studies of nanofluid applications, the articles on this field are summarized.

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Numerical study on turbulent forced convective heat transfer using nanofluids TiO2 in an automotive cooling system

Journal Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2016.11.005

Volume 9

The limited thermal properties of liquids have led to the addition of solid nanoparticles to liquids in many industrial applications. In this paper, the friction factor and forced convection heat transfer of TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in water in a car radiator was numerically determined. Four different nanofluid volume concentrations (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) were used, and the resulting thermal properties were evaluated. The Reynolds number and inlet temperature ranged from 10000 to 100000 and from 60 to 90 °C, respectively. The results showed that the friction factor decreases as the Reynolds number increases and increases as the volume concentration increases. Additionally, the Nusselt number increases as the Reynolds number and volume concentration of the nanofluid increases. The TiO2 nanofluid at low concentrations can enhance the heat transfer efficiency up to 20% compared with that of pure water. There was good agreement among the CFD analysis and experimental data available in the literature.

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Heat transfer augmentation of a car radiator using nanofluids

Journal Heat and Mass Transfer

publisher Springer Nature

Volume 50

The car radiator heat transfer enhancement by using TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in water as a base fluid was studied experimentally. The test rig is setup as a car radiator with tubes and container. The range of Reynolds number and volume fraction are (250–1,750) and (1.0–2.5 %) respectively. Results showed that the heat transfer increases with increasing of nanofluid volume fraction. The experimental data is agreed with other investigator.

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Heat transfer enhancement using nanofluids in an automotive cooling system☆

Journal International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.01.003

Volume 53

The increasing demand of nanofluids in industrial applications has led to increased attention from many researchers. In this paper, heat transfer enhancement using TiO2 and SiO2 nanopowders suspended in pure water is presented. The test setup includes a car radiator, and the effects on heat transfer enhancement under the operating conditions are analyzed under laminar flow conditions. The volume flow rate, inlet temperature and nanofluid volume concentration are in the range of 2–8 LPM, 60–80 °C and 1–2% respectively. The results showed that the Nusselt number increased with volume flow rate and slightly increased with inlet temperature and nanofluid volume concentration. The regression equation for input (volume flow rate, inlet temperature and nanofluid volume concentration) and response (Nusselt number) was found. The results of the analysis indicated that significant input parameters to enhance heat transfer with car radiator. These experimental results were found to be in good agreement with other researchers' data, with a deviation of only approximately 4%.

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Heat transfer enhancement with elliptical tube under turbulent flow TiO2-water nanofluid

Journal Thermal Science

publisher doiSerbia

DOI https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI130204003H

Issue 1

Volume 20

Heat transfer and friction characteristics were numerically investigated, employing elliptical tube to increase the heat transfer rate with a minimum increase of pressure drop. The flow rate of the tube was in a range of Reynolds number between 10000 and 100000. FLUENT software is used to solve the governing equation of CFD (continuity, momentum and energy) by means of a finite volume method (FVM). The electrical heater is connected around the elliptical tube to apply uniform heat flux (3000 W/m2) as a boundary condition. Four different volume concentrations in the range of 0.25% to 1% and different TiO2 nanoparticle diameters in the range of 27 nm to 50 nm, dispersed in water are utilized. The CFD numerical results indicate that the elliptical tube can enhance heat transfer and friction factor by approximately 9% and 6% than the circular tube respectively. The results show that the Nusselt number and friction factor increase with decreasing diameters but increasing volume concentrations of nanoparticles.

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Study of forced convection nanofluid heat transfer in the automotive cooling system

Journal Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2013.12.001

Volume 2

The heat transfer enhancement for many industrial applications by adding solid nanoparticles to liquids is significant topics in the last 10 years. This article included the friction factor and forced convection heat transfer of SiO2 nanoparticle dispersed in water as a base fluid conducted in a car radiator experimentally and numerically. Four different concentrations of nanofluids in the range of 1–2.5 vol% have been used. The flowrate changed in the range of 2–8 LPM to have Reynolds number with the range 500–1750. The results showed that the friction factor decreases with an increase in flowrate and increase with increasing in volume concentration. Furthermore, the inlet temperature to the radiator has insignificantly affected to the friction factor. On the other side, Nusselt number increases with increasing in flowrate, nanofluid volume concentration and inlet temperature. Meanwhile, application of SiO2 nanofluid with low concentrations can enhance heat transfer rate up to 50% as a comparison with pure water. The simulation results compared with experimental data, and there is a good agreement. Likewise, these results compared to other investigators to be validated.

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A review of forced convection heat transfer enhancement and hydrodynamic characteristics of a nanofluid

Journal Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.014

Volume 29

The low thermal properties of liquids have led to investigations into additives of small size (less than 100 nm solid particles) to enhance their heat transfer properties and hydrodynamic flow. To summarise the experimental and numerical studies, this paper reviews these computational simulations and finds that most of them are in agreement with the results of experimental work. Many of the studies report enhancements in the heat transfer coefficient with an increase in the concentration of solid particles. Certain studies with a smaller particle size indicated an increase in the heat transfer enhancement when compared to values obtained with a larger size. Additionally, the effect of the shape of the flow area on the heat transfer enhancement has been explored by a number of studies. All of the studies showed a nominal increase in pressure drop. The significant applications in the engineering field explain why so many investigators have studied heat transfer with augmentation by a nanofluid in the heat exchanger. This article presents a review of the heat transfer applications of nanofluids to develop directions for future work. The high volume fraction of various nanofluids will be useful in car radiators to enhance the heat transfer numerically and experimentally. Correlation equations can expose relationships between the Nusselt number, the Reynolds number, the concentration and the diameter of the nanoparticles. On the other hand, more work is needed to compare the shapes (e.g., circular, elliptical and flat tube) that might enhance the heat transfer with a minimal pressure drop.

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The Effect of Nanofluid Volume Concentration on Heat Transfer and Friction Factor inside a Horizontal Tube

Journal Energy Conversion and Storage: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Applications of Nanomaterials

publisher Hindawi

DOI https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/859563

Issue Wiley

Volume 59563

The additives of solid nanoparticles to liquids are significant enhancement of heat transfer and hydrodynamic flow. In this study, the thermal properties of three types of nanoparticles (Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2) dispersed in water as a base fluid were measured experimentally. Forced convection heat transfer turbulent flow inside heated flat tube was numerically simulated. The heat flux around flat tube is 5000 W/m2 and Reynolds number is in the range of 5 × 103 to 50 × 103. CFD model by finite volume method used commercial software to find hydrodynamic and heat transfer coefficient. Simulation study concluded that the thermal properties measured and Reynolds number as input and friction factor and Nusselt number as output parameters. Data measured showed that thermal conductivity and viscosity increase with increasing the volume concentration of nanofluids with maximum deviation 19% and 6%, respectively. Simulation results concluded that the friction factor and Nusselt number increase with increasing the volume concentration. On the other hand, the flat tube enhances heat transfer and decreases pressure drop by 6% and −4%, respectively, as compared with circular tube. Comparison of numerical analysis with experimental data available showed good agreement with deviation not more than 2%.

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The effect of cross sectional area of tube on friction factor and heat transfer nanofluid turbulent flow

Journal International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

publisher Elsevier

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2013.06.007

Volume 47

The effects of the tube specifications on the heat transfer in car radiator are significant to improve cooling system performance. Friction factor and heat transfer enhancement of three types of nanofluids flow through horizontal three shapes of tubes has been evaluated numerically. CFD model by using FLUENT software depending on finite volume method was conducted. TiO2 nanoparticles with volume fractions (1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) are suspended in water as a base fluid to be nanofluids is used in this study. On the other hand, three types of tubes (circular, elliptical and flat tube) are chosen with 3 mm hydraulic diameter and 500 mm length. Numerical results show that the increase in volume fraction of nanofluid due to increase in fluid flow characteristics and heat transfer enhancement as compared with base fluid. The results of CFD model are compared with experimental data available in literature, and there is a good agreement with deviation 2%.

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Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids – A Review

Journal JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES

publisher UMP

DOI https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.4.2013.9.0042

Issue Vol. 4 (2013): June 2013

Volume 4

This paper presents a review of the studies undertaken on convection heat transfer with nanofluids. Initial studies were directed towards the determination of the properties of nanofluids, especially their thermal conductivity and viscosity. The studies indicate that thermal conductivity and viscosity increase with an increase in the concentration of the nanofluid. Experiments were conducted with different nanofluids, at various concentrations and temperature ranges, for the estimation of the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor for water-based nanofluids. All the studies confirmed enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient with an increase in concentration. The experimental ranges of temperature undertaken by the authors were different for different nanofluids. Certain studies with smaller particle sizes indicated an increase in heat transfer enhancements when compared with values obtained when using larger particle sizes. It is observed that the concentration of the nanofluid, the operating temperature, the particle size and shape, together with the material of the nanoparticle dispersed in the base liquid, have significant influence on the heat transfer coefficient. All the studies indicate a nominal increase in pressure drop.

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A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH SAND MOULD WHEN POURING THE CAST IRON

Journal Al-Tachani

publisher Foundation of Technical Education

Issue 1

Volume 21

Thermal Behavior of Flat plate solar collector

Renewable energy conference

Country Iraq

Location Iraq

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icmer 2023

Country Malaysia

Location Malaysia

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A review of performance enhancement of the shell and tube heat exchanger by using nanofluid

Publisher AIP Conf. Proc.

DOI https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0093740

Country Iraq

Location Al-Samawah

Nanofluid heat transfer augmentation in a double pipe heat exchanger

Publisher 2nd International Conference on Materials Engineering & Science (IConMEAS 2019)

DOI https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000243

Country Iraq

Location Baghdad

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Reverse Osmosis of Groundwater Desalination Quality: Case Study North of Iraq

Country Iraq

Location Baghdad

• International Conference of Mechanical Engineering Research (ICMER) 2015

Publisher IOP

Country Malaysia

Location Malaysia

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Simulation study of turbulent convective heat transfer enhancement in heated tube flow using TiO2-water nanofluid

Publisher 2nd International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research (ICMER 2013) 1–4 July 2013, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/50/1/012035

Country Malaysia

Location Kuantan, Pahang