Publications
Biocomposite Adsorbent of Grafted Chitosan-benzaldehyde/Lactobacillus Casei Bacteria for Removal of Acid Red 88 Dye: Box-Benken Design Optimization and Mechanism Approach Authors
May 3, 2025Journal AUIQ COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM 2
Publisher not indexed
DOI https://doi.org/10.70176/3007-973X.1020
Issue 1
Volume 2
Herein, biohybrid biosorbent material was produced from grafting chitosan benzaldehyde/Lactobacillus casei (CHS-BZ/LAC) for the removal of anionic dye acid red 88 (AR88). CHS-BZ/LAC was fabricated using a hydrothermal process under the condition of 100 °C in an oven for 6 h. The optimization of AR88 dye adsorption by CHS-BZ/LAC was conducted by employing Box Bahnken design (BBD). The code and value of parameters used in this study were CHS-BZ/LAC dosage (A: 0.02-0.1 g/L), dye solution pH (B: 4-10), and contact time (C: 10-40 min). The BBD design shows that the highest removal of AR88 (94.5%) was achieved with the setting of CHS-BZ/LAC dose = 0.1 g/L, pH = 4, and contact time = 25 min. The suitability and the accuracy of the BBD design were confirmed by ANOVA analysis with the F-value = 112.84, and p-value < 0.0001. Dual interaction from parameters shows significant interactions of AB (CHS-BZ/LAC dosage vs pH), AC (CHS-BZ/LAC dosage vs contact time), and BC (pH vs contact time) with p-values less than 0.05. Multiple mechanisms of interactions took place in the biosorption process of AR88 by CHS-BZ/LAC such as n-π interactions, π-π attraction, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding. This study demonstrates the success of developing a new type of biosorbent (CHS-BZ/LAC) and effectively used for anionic azo dye removal from synthetic wastewater.
Isotherm and kinetic models of SO2 adsorption on palm kernel shell-activated carbon and xerogel blends: Effect of flow rate and contact time
Mar 5, 2025Journal Results in Engineering
Publisher ELSEVIER
DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.103970
Issue 103970
Volume 25
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is released into the atmosphere when coal-fired power plants run, which may substantially impair the environment. SO2 in flue gas causes respiratory difficulties and acid rain, and as energy consumption rises, the amount of SO2 emitted into the environment also rises. SO₂ can effectively be removed from gases or air streams through adsorption, where it is captured and retained onto a solid surface, such as activated carbon. This research focuses on developing and evaluating a composite adsorbent made from palm kernel shell-activated carbon and xerogel (PKSACX) for the adsorption of sulphur dioxide (SO₂). The main objectives are to study the modelling of adsorption isotherm (Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Adam-Bohart models) and to determine the adsorption kinetics (pseudo-first and pseudo-second order) of the performance of SO2 adsorption on a blended series of palm kernel shell-activated carbon and xerogel. Based on the result obtained, the adsorption process mathematically described by the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson Model is the best model for SO2 removal compared to the Adam-Bohart model. Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order kinetic models were utilized. The correlation coefficient (R2) was used to assess the equation's suitability. The PKSACXB adsorption processes suit both the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order equations. This indicates that throughout the adsorption process, both physisorption and chemisorption occur.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies in adsorption of H2S using coconut shell activated carbon xerogel: Effect of mass adsorbent and temperature
Dec 2, 2024Journal Desalination and Water Treatment
Publisher ELSEVIER
DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100149
Issue 100149
Volume 317
The presence of acid gases like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in natural gas, refinery gas, and coal gas necessitates their removal from the gas stream to prevent corrosion of pipelines and production equipment and to ensure safety due to the toxic nature of H2S. A study was conducted to synthesize an adsorbent that is made from coconut shell which is modified to form coconut shell-activated carbon xerogel (CSACX). The main objective is to determine the kinetic models’ equation and adsorption isotherms that are most suitable for the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide by using CSACX. Two parameters were studied which were the adsorbent mass and the gas temperature. The adsorption process could be mathematically represented using the Thomas Model, Yoon-Nelson Model, and Adam-Bohart. It is expected that the adsorption process is mathematically represented using the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson Model for both the effect of mass of adsorbent and effect of gas temperature. The kinetic models used were Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order. Suitability of equation was determined by correlation coefficient (R2). The higher the R2, the more suitable the equation is to process. It is expected that the adsorption processes using the CSACX fit both pseudo-first and pseudo-second order equation. This means that both physisorption and chemisorption occur during the adsorption process.
Shear Strengthening of Recycled Lightweight Coarse Aggregate Concrete Beams Using NSM Technique
Nov 25, 2024Journal Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering
Publisher not indexed
DOI DOI: https://doi.org/10.58496/MJCE/2024/013
Volume 2024
The NSM technique began to apply as a modern technique to treat defects in structural elements and to increase the shear and flexural strength of structural elements. For this technique to be effective, a series of practical experiments were conducted to characterize the behavior of the element strengthened by the NSM technique for flexure and shear. Shear strengthening with GFRP rods is the focus of this paper for concrete beams that contain 30% coarse aggregate replacement ratio of bonza (volumetric ratio) obtained from the rubble of demolished buildings. A total of 7 beams were loaded under four-point load test, the parameters examined were the angle of inclination and the distance between the GFRP bars, the presence and absence of stirrups and the bonza aggregate replacement ratio. The characterization of the tested beams includes failure mode, load-deflection curves, load-strain curves of stirrups, rebars and GFRP rods and the surface concrete strain in the shear zone of beam. The results showed that the use of GFRP rods used to strengthen concrete beams was relatively effective, especially in the presence of stirrups, where the gain in shear strength was 8.8% and 4.1% when the distance between the vertical GFRP bars was (200 and 300) mm, respectively, with the presence of stirrups. While the gain in shear strength was (5.9%) when the GFRP bars were inclined at 45o with presence of stirrups. The deflection of strengthened beams was greater than the deflection of unstrengthened beam, where the maximum deflection of strengthened beams reaches 29.6mm at 177kN, while the maximum deflection of unstrengthned beam was 18.9mm at 185kN.
Optimization for the Effects of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel Weight and Temperature on the Hydrogen Sulphide Adsorption Using Response Surface Methodology.
Oct 1, 2024Journal International Journal on Energy Conversion
Publisher ELSEVIER, Praise Worthy Prize
DOI https://doi.org/10.15866/irecon.v12i4.25011
Issue 4
Volume 12
One of Malaysia's major sources of biomass is the palm oil industry (POME). Due to its high disposal rate, the vast amount of biomass production has become known. As a result, many researchers have looked into the possibility of turning biomass into something useful like biochar. The biochar that was synthesized was used to absorb sour gases such as Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulphide. In this study, the main gas that was aimed to be absorbed is the Hydrogen Sulphide. Coconut kernel shell was used as the source of biochar in this study. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is commonly known as a harmful substance to the environment and is considered one of the contributors to the high air pollution rate in various parts of the world. In this study, two main objectives are to optimize the Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel by using the Response Surface Methodology and to develop a Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel based on the optimized data from the Response Surface Methodology. There are much software usedfor applying Response Surface Methodology such as MINITAB and STA TITISCA but for this study, the software that was chosen was Design Expert. Results show that the higher the adsorbent weight, the higher the removal efficiency at a medium temperature. In conclusion, 11.68 grams of adsorbent weight and 40 °C is the optimum condition for the adsorption process to occur for both 25 ppm and 50 ppm of H2S.
Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Optimization of Hydrogen Sulphide Adsorption Using Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel: Effect of Adsorption Pressure and Hydrogen Sulphide Flowrate
Aug 30, 2024Journal Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux
Publisher ELSEVIER
DOI https://doi.org/10.18280/acsm.480408
Issue 4
Volume 48
To improve the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by using coconut shell-activated carbon xerogel (CSACX), we adopted the response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). This material was created by incorporating a crosslinker agent, initiator agent, and polymer. The process of creating CSACX involved synthesizing coconut shell activated carbon into a wet gel using chemicals such as sodium alginate, calcium carbonate, glucono delta-lactone (GDL), and distilled water in a sol-gel method to obtain a xerogel. Afterward, the gel was dried in an oven at 60℃ for 24 hours. Subsequently, it was used as an adsorbent for the adsorption test. The adsorption test was conducted at two different initial concentrations of H2S, 25 ppm, and 50 ppm, to assess the effectiveness of H2S removal at different concentrations. In the RSM approach, we selected adsorption pressure (1-3 bar) and H2S flow rate (100-300 L/hr) as the process variables while maintaining a constant contact time (5 minutes), adsorbent weight (11 g) and temperature (30℃). The removal efficiency of H2S (%) was chosen as the response. Our findings showed that the optimum conditions for H2S removal were at 1 bar and 100 L/hr for 25 ppm of H2S and 1 bar and 100.3830 L/hr for 50 ppm of H2S. The model generated from RSM predicted that maximum H2S removal can be achieved at a lower pressure and flow rate for any H2S initial concentration
Analyzing and Comparing Global Sustainability Standards: LEED, BREEAM, and PBRS in Green Building arch article topic
Jul 7, 2024Journal Babylonian Journal of Internet of Things
Publisher not indexed
DOI https://doi.org/10.58496/BJIoT/2024/009
Volume 2024
Since the year 2000, a heightened environmental awareness has led to the emergence of global trends in forefront countries, prompting the need for standardized practices in the environmental building industry. This paper explores various experiments on buildings, demonstrating trends through examinations and tests conducted by governmental or private organizations. Notable among these trends are the standards set by global evaluation systems such as BREEAM, LEED, PBRS, and SSBS. The paper highlights the recent adoptaion of Arab standards in Abu Dhabi, positioning the emirate as a pioneer in sustainable development. The research focuses on the city of Kirkuk, where building regulations lack consideration for environmental standards. The study aims to identify applicable international standards, emphasizing the importance of residential standards in comparison to other criteria. The World Green Building Council's universal standards for existing buildings are discussed, with the recognition that these standards may need customization to align with the local environment and architectural characteristics of Kirkuk. The paper delves into the methodology used, employing a theoretical framework, analytical methodology, and a deductive approach to formulate recommendations tailored to meet local standards. The Abu Dhabi experience with the Pearl Rating System is explored, outlining its three evaluation stages and the specific criteria for building assessment. A comparison between sustainability standards reveals disparities in evaluation criteria, emphasizing the challenge in establishing global standards. The study calls for a transparent and globally applicable evaluation basis, considering discrepancies among diverse countries and their respective tools. The paper concludes by underlining the importance of establishing local standards, serving as a benchmark for quality and operational efficiency within the real estate market. It also emphasizes the crucial role of existing residential buildings in proposed solutions for sustainable development, highlighting their significance in local markets.
The Effect of Chemical Coagulant Dosages on the Removal of Turbidity from Wastewater
Jul 1, 2024Journal AUIQ COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM 2
Publisher not indexed
DOI DOI: https://doi.org/10.70176/3007-973X.1006
Issue 1
Volume 1
This research aims to compare different coagulants, which are alum, ferric chloride, and polyaluminum chloride, in treating turbidity in water. The objective is to determine the optimal dosage of each coagulant for the removal of visible turbidity at levels of 400, 85, 70, and 40 NTU, respectively. The study also considers the (pH) levels resulting from the addition of coagulants, measures the percentage of remaining materials from the used coagulant (sulfates from alum, chloride from ferric chloride, and chlorides from polyaluminum chloride). A 1000 l tank and its components were controlled by adding the desired pollutants (clay and plant impurities) and known, Oxygen Demand (BOD), 20 mg/l. The experimental results demonstrate that ferric chloride has an advantage in turbidity removal, especially when the standard turbidity value is 5 NTU. The optimal dosage is found to be 23 mg/L for 400 NTU, 20 mg/L for 85 NTU, 17 mg/L for 70 NTU, and 10 mg/L for 40 NTU. Therefore, the results of pH were improved from 7.0 to 7.8, as well as ferric chloride from 12 to 17 mg/l for poly aluminum chloride. The study reveals a significant increase in chloride ions with the addition of ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride, while there is a slight increase in sulfate ions with the addition of alum.
Synthesis and Characterization of Xerogel Derived from Palm Kernel Shell Biochar and Comparison with Commercial Activated Carbon
May 6, 2024Journal Journal of Ecological Engineering
Publisher ELSEVIER
DOI https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/183719
Issue 6
Volume 25
Biomass is an inexpensive adsorbent that has attracted considerable interest. The sol-gel process produced xerogel from Palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB). This study aims to synthesize and characterize palm kernel shell biochar xerogel (PKSBX) and compare it with commercial (AC). The synthesized xerogel, raw material, and AC were characterized using different characterization, including Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The FTIR spectrum analysis showed a wide range of bonds and confirmed the presence of C=C alkenes, amines N-H, and aromatic C-H functional groups. TGA analysis of samples was conducted at 10 ℃/min. The sample's thermal degradation undergoes several setups of loss mass. The degrades occurred between 50- 200 ℃ first setups, second between 200- 700℃, and third setups between 950- 1000 ℃. The surface morphological structure of each sample has been defined and compared using SEM data, which is further confirmed by XRD data. Based on the characterization findings, it can be determined that the xerogel obtained from the synthesis process using PKSB as the raw material exhibits favorable characteristics for its potential usage as an adsorbent.
Experimental assessment of the effect of black dye and water depth on the performance of PV/solar distiller
Apr 24, 2024Journal Desalination and Water Treatment
Publisher ELSEVIER
DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100317
Issue 100317
Volume 318
The current article investigated the possibility of enhancing the solar distiller performance joined with the photovoltaic/thermal solar collector by increasing the absorption of solar radiation through the use of black dye. Two identical systems were built, the first system is a conventional double-slope solar distiller, while the other is a modified version that combines a PV/thermal solar collector with a double-slope solar distiller. The effect of the black dye and the water depth in the basin on the solar distiller’s performance has been studied. The results showed that the modified system works well in cold winter conditions in comparison with hot summer conditions. The results also showed that the water depth inside the distiller basin effectively affects the output of the system. The system achieved better performance when the water depth was 3 cm in the still basin than when the water depth was 5 cm. The total production and efficiency of the improved distiller at the water height of 3 cm at the basin with adding the black dye in February were 1.378%, and 22.02% respectively. while for the conventional model, the total productivity and efficiency were 0.348 liter/day and 5.31% respectively for the same conditions.
Characterizing Biochar Derived from Palm Kernel Shell Biomass via Slow Pyrolysis for Adsorption Applications
Feb 25, 2024Journal NTU JOURNAL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
Publisher not indexed
DOI https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v6i1
Issue 1
Volume 6
This comprehensive study delves into the thorough characterization of biochar derived from palm kernel shells, with a focus on its potential as an environmentally friendly solution to tackle waste management challenges within Malaysia's agro-industry. Employing the (BET) method, the current investigation unveils an impressive specific surface area of 299.7565 m²/g, complemented by a pore size of 2.17783 nm and a substantial pore volume of 0.1632 cm³/g, attesting to its extraordinary adsorption capacity. Assessment of thermal stability through (FESEM) imaging underscores its resilience, FTIR spectroscopy unravels distinct peaks within the stretching region. XRD analysis introduces a characteristic pattern for palm kernel shell-derived biochar (PKSBC), marked by a prominent, broad peak observed at approximately 2? = 20-30º and 2? = 40-50º, indicative of crystalline and semi-crystalline phases, respectively. Elemental analysis assumes a pivotal role in assessing biochar quality, with a particular emphasis on carbon content, instrumental in identifying potential impurities or contaminants that could compromise its effectiveness in critical applications, including water treatment, air purification, and gas adsorption. This study not only underscores the substantial promise of palm kernel shell-derived biochar in addressing environmental challenges but also provides invaluable insights into its exceptional properties. These findings have the potential to redefine sustainable practices and drive environmental stewardship, offering innovative solutions to the pressing issues of our time.
A Review on the Impact of Fly Ash on the Resistance of Ultra-High PerformanceConcrete to Acid and Sulfate Attacks
Feb 5, 2024Journal ESTIDAMAA
Publisher PENINSULA
DOI https://doi.org/10.70470/ESTIDAMAA/2024/002
Volume 2024
Green Building Techniques: Under The Umbrella of the Climate Framework Agreement
Jan 10, 2024Journal Babylonian Journal of Machine Learning
Publisher not indexed
DOI DOI: https://doi.org/10.58496/BJML/2024/001
Various green building rating systems have been devised to assess the sustainability levels of buildings, offering a standardized approach to evaluate their environmental impact. However, adapting these existing methods to diverse regions requires addressing additional considerations, such as distinct climatic conditions and regional variations. This study delves into a comprehensive exploration of widely utilized environmental building assessment methodologies, including BREEAM, LEED, SB-Tool, CASBEE, GRIHA, and Eco-housing. A new building environmental assessment scheme tailored to the global landscape is needed due to limitations of existing assessment schemes. A framework based on principal component analysis is introduced to develop this new scheme. PCA applied to a dataset of many responses on building sustainability revealed nine key components, including site selection, environmental impact, building resources and re-use, building services and management, innovative construction techniques, environmental health and safety, mechanical systems, indoor air quality, and economic considerations. A framework for sustainable building development in world is proposed. The study provides insights for designers and developers in developing countries, offering a roadmap for achieving green development. The framework prioritizes key components for a nuanced evaluation of sustainability in building projects, contributing to the global discourse on environmentally responsible construction practices.
Environmental Consequences of Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in Gharyan Regions, Libya: A Comprehensive Study
Nov 25, 2023Journal Rafidain Journal of Science
Publisher not indexed
DOI DOI: 10.33899/rjs.2023.181262
Issue 4
Volume 32
The proximity of military encampments and barracks to groundwater reservoirs and agricultural regions in Gharyan has raised environmental and health apprehensions among local inhabitants. Given the potential hazards, an analytical study was initiated to gauge the extent of soil contamination in areas influenced by military activities. This research aimed to determine the concentrations of select heavy metals (zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium) in soil samples sourced from specific sites associated with military engagements. Additionally, the study evaluated the soil's pH levels. Soil specimens were amassed from three primary locations: the former Sahban camp, the Abu Ghaylan zone, and an area affiliated with the Eighth Battalion. A fourth specimen, taken from a non-affected region, was a control. Sampling was conducted at three depth intervals: 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm. The quantification of heavy metals was accomplished using atomic absorption spectroscopy (220GQER006). When juxtaposed with the control specimen and standards set by the World Health Organization, samples from the military-influenced sites exhibited elevated concentrations of lead, copper, and cadmium. Distinctly, the Eighth Battalion-associated site (sample 3) demonstrated the highest lead content at 2093 mg/Kg. Meanwhile, the Sahban campsite (sample 1) recorded a peak copper concentration of 460 mg/Kg, and cadmium was most pronounced in sample 3 at 45.8 mg/kg. In contrast, zinc concentrations were found to be within permissible thresholds. The pH analysis showed the soil to be mildly alkaline, with values ranging from 6.9 to 8.77.
Emerging Drinking Water Borne Diseases: A Review on Types, Sources and Health Precaution
Nov 24, 2023Journal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Publisher SDG Publishers Compact
DOI DOI: 10.9734/JPRI/2023/v35i317462
Issue 31
Volume 35
The global demand for safe drinking water become increasingly important in the past few years due to the growing world population, civilization and increase the sources of contaminations. Millions of peoples every year suffer from different waterborne disease, which may include microbial or disinfectant related diseases. This review, presents an overview on drinking water and their health impact from different aspects, going through different types of physical, chemical, and biological contaminants and their potential effect on human body upon the consumption of their contaminated water. The review also furtherly discusses drinking water treatment techniques such as chlorination, ultraviolet radiation treatment, chlorination, ozonation, heating, and ultra-filtration and the efficiency of these techniques to eliminate different water microorganisms. Drinking waterborne diseases of bacteria, viruses, parasitic protozoa and even some fungi have been also discussed. Finally, health precaution regarding drinking water in term of monitoring of different indicators as well as following the hygienic behaviors was covered to ensure the sustainability and safety of water consumption.
Impact of Using Different Renewable Energy Sources on Mitigation of CO2 Emissions and Treatment of Climate Change in Iraq: a Short Review
Nov 5, 2023Journal International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IROME)
Publisher ELSEVIER, Praise Worthy Prize
DOI https://doi.org/10.15866/ireme.v17i11.23860
Issue 11
Volume 17
The effects of climate change are one of the most significant and urgent challenges confronting humanity today, which pose a risk to all the aspects of the natural environment. Due to the large quantities of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emitted in different sectors worldwide, which is difficult to be controlled as it is correlated with the requirements of daily life, it is essential at least to reduce emissions through the implementation of clean or low pollution energy sources utilization. The atmosphere is widely recognized as a very susceptible ecosystem to GHG pollution. However, there is a concerning lack of attention given to this issue by individuals, despite its direct impact on other environmental systems and consequential disruptions to the overall ecosystem. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the direct impacts of GHG emissions on climate change, specifically focusing on the implications on the environment, economy, and community. Moreover, it is important to assess the effects of these greenhouse gases on the overall ecosystem. This study proposes a set of solutions aimed at mitigating the substantial volumes of GHG emissions. It also explores strategies for managing and regulating GHG production to curb the accumulation of emissions that have occurred over the preceding decades.
Production of First and Second-Generation Biodiesel for Diesel Engine Operation: A Review
Aug 1, 2023Journal NTU JOURNAL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
Publisher not indexed
DOI https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v5i1
Issue 1
Volume 5
Researchers are looking at alternative cleaner technologies to fulfill the rising need for greener fuels. For this reason, alternatives like bioethanol and biodiesel have become commercially available. Renewable fuels are classified as either "first generation," "second generation," or "third generation" depending on the feedstock used in their manufacture. Over the past decade, society's reliance on first-generation biofuel feedstocks has created an inbuilt rivalry between food and fuel. Second-generation biofuel feed-stocks, such as non-edible agricultural waste products, energy crops, and crop residues, have been illuminated by emerging technical prospects. Technologies for producing biofuels have been proposed and developed in multiple stages, with first-generation technologies being the most developed. In several nations, including the United States, corn grain is used as feedstock in bio-refineries. There is a risk that food and fuel prices will rise asa result of the usage of edible materials in crops like corn. Second-generation biofuel manufacturing technology that utilizes crop residues has been developed to deal with this kind of problem. This study investigates and evaluates the economic viabilityand environmental sustainability of the proposed solution for the production of second-generation biodiesel.
Factors Affecting on Process of Synthesizing Biodiesel and Arranging Production Steps: a Review Study
Jan 12, 2023Journal International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IROME)
Publisher ELSEVIER, Praise Worthy Prize
DOI https://doi.org/10.15866/ireme.v17i1.22675
Issue 1
Volume 17
Biodiesel is a recycled and biological fatty acid ester manufactured from animal fat, used cooking oil, botanical oil, and algae. Biodiesel is a viable replacement and more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for diesel oil since it is made from renewable resources and has qualities similar to diesel oil. When producing biodiesel from renewable resources, the trans-esterification method is utilized. This method manufactures fatty acid alkyl ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol, which is accomplished by replacing the organic group (alkyl) of alcohol with the organic group of the primary triglyceride component of the raw materials. When the biodiesel specifications meet the global standard established by the European Union's EN14214 or the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) for alternative fuels, it can be used in its purest form, known as B100 or blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration. B100 is the purest form of biodiesel. The temperature of the reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol used, type of catalyst utilized and the concentration of the catalyst are all parameters that must be considered during the biodiesel synthesis process. Moreover, the amount of time that the reaction is allowed to continue, the existence of humidity, and the amount of free fatty acids also significantly influence the production process. To minimize the costs of producing biodiesel, selecting the most effective methods is essential.
OVERVIEW OF EFFECT OF PLASTIC WASTE POLLUTION ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Nov 15, 2022Journal Journal of Asian Scientific Research
Publisher Powered by Scopus
DOI DOI: 10.55493/5003.v12i4.4654
Issue 4
Volume 12
Environmental pollution is one of the most important and critical problems facing the planet and threatening the ecosystem in all its forms. Due to the large quantities of plastic manufactured in different parts of the world and the difficulty of decomposing plastic products, which have a decomposition period of decades. As well as considering the marine environment as one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to pollution with plastic waste, and at the same time, people do not pay attention to this disaster, which directly affects the rest of the environmental systems and causes serious changes to the ecosystem. In this paper, we tried to review some of the direct effects of plastic waste on marine organisms such as coral reefs and sea turtles. As well as review the impact of these organisms’ damage on the ecosystem in general. This paper recommends some solutions that will reduce the huge quantities of plastic waste and how to treat it and try to legalize production to control the amount of plastic waste previously produced during the past decades.
The Renewable, Sustainable, and Clean Energy in Iraq Between Reality and Ambition According to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change
Oct 20, 2022Journal Mesopotamian journal of Big Data
Publisher not indexed
DOI Mesopotamian journal of Big Data
Volume 2022
For quite some time now, Iraq has witnessed a great shortage, not only in the production of electric power, but even in the distribution system. In addition to this shortage, which exacerbates the problem is the large increase in the population of Iraq, in addition to the great problems that the country has experienced, especially the fierce confrontation with ISIS terrorist gangs, which drained a lot of Iraq’s human and material energies and negatively affected the energy reality in our country, not to mention the All or most of our electric power plants run on heavy fossil fuels and have old technology tracks. Iraq has power shortages, and there are various obstacles that must be solved in order to keep up with projected demand. Based on the results of this study, it appears that solar, wind, and biomass energy are underutilized at now but have the potential to significantly contribute to Iraq's renewable energy future. Wind power offshore in the Gulf (near Basrah in southern Iraq) also has untapped potential that has to be explored. There has been talk about the Iraqi government's efforts to harness green energy. The purpose of this article is to examine and debate the present and future of renewable energy in Iraq. Renewable energy applications such as solar, wind, and biomass have been discussed. Finally, suggestions for making use of various energy sources are provided.
Production of Biofuels from Biomass as an Approach Towards Sustainable Development: A Short Review
Sep 25, 2022Journal NTU JOURNAL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
Publisher Powered by Scopus
DOI https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v3i1.346
Issue 1
Volume 3
Alternative fuels reduce the carbon footprint of internal combustion engines. Biofuels are the most important alternative fuels. Manufacturing processes for biofuels have made it possible to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from well to wheel. There are a number of popular alternative fuels for use in internal combustion (IC) engines, including biodiesel, bioethanol, and bio methanol. Biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel blends in compression ignition (CI) engines have received a lot of attention. Biofuel is any liquid fuel derived from "biomass," such as plants and animal waste. Biofuels replace gasoline and diesel. Biofuels are promising because the carbon dioxide (CO2) they emit is recycled through the environment. Biofuel plants collect CO2 from the air and release it when burned. In principle, biofuels can be a "carbon neutral" or "carbon negative" means to power automobiles, trucks, and planes. Biofuels can reduce CO2 emissions without requiring many infrastructural changes. They can be used in existing cars and mass-produced from biomass like chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Future biofuels may be moved using current pipelines. Making carbon-neutral biofuels is difficult. Fermentation, processing energy, transportation, and even plant nutrients can produce CO2 and other greenhouse gases before biofuels are consumed. Biomass agriculture can have climate consequences if it replaces CO2-storing woods. How biofuels are generated and used affects their potential as a climate solution.
Production of bio-diesel from waste cooking oil by using homogeneous catalyst
Jun 16, 2014Journal International Journal of Chemical Sciences
Publisher ELSEVIER
DOI https://www.tsijournals.com/articles/production-of-biodiesel-from-waste-cooking-oil-by-using-homogeneous-catalyst.pdf
Issue 3
Volume 12
In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was used as biodiesel feedstock. WCO with methanol was heated at different temperature using the conventional mechanical stirrer. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as catalysts. The effect of different operational parameters such as, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and reaction time were evaluated. From the results, it was clear that the biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) was within the recommended standards of biodiesel. The transesterification reaction using potassium hydroxide (KOH) catalyst was more effective than sodium hydroxide (NaOH) catalyst for the higher yields conversion. With potassium hydroxide 0.4 wt. %, yield was 94.4% and conversion was 97.76% at 60°C, in three hours reaction time.